Vet Med - Czech, 2011, 56(7):358-361 | DOI: 10.17221/1585-VETMED

Association between over-chlorinated drinking water and suckling, nursery and fattening pig death losses

A. Tofant1, M. Ostovic1, S. Wolf2, A. Ekert Kabalin1, Z. Pavicic1, M. Mikulic3
1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
2 Rovisce Pig-Breeding Farm, Ltd., Rovisce, Croatia
3 Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia

Following our report on reproductive failure in gilts and sows caused by drinking over-chlorinated water at a pig-breeding farm, the present study investigated the impact of water over-chlorination on the different pig production categories on the farm. Pigs were given over-chlorinated water with a free chlorine residual concentration of 2.11 mg/l for seven days, from the onset of mechanical failure of the chlorinator dispenser connected to the water supplying system until its detection. Data analysis revealed that the adverse effect of over-chlorinated drinking water manifested as an increase in the percentage of death losses in suckling, nursery and fattening pigs (all P < 0.01).

Keywords: death loss; pig; watering; free chlorine residual

Published: July 31, 2011  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Tofant A, Ostovic M, Wolf S, Ekert Kabalin A, Pavicic Z, Mikulic M. Association between over-chlorinated drinking water and suckling, nursery and fattening pig death losses. Vet Med - Czech. 2011;56(7):358-361. doi: 10.17221/1585-VETMED.
Download citation

References

  1. Anonymous (2008): Croatian standards for drinking water. Official Journal of the Republic of Croatia, No. 47.
  2. Anonymous (2010): Ordinance laying down minimum standards for the protection of pigs. Official Journal of the Republic of Croatia, No. 119.
  3. Baumann B, Bilkei G (2002): Emergency-culling and mortality in growing/fattening pigs in a large Hungarian "farrow-to-finish" production unit. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 109, 26-33. Go to PubMed...
  4. Cedergren MI, Selbing AJ, Lofman O, Kallen BAJ (2002): Chlorination byproducts and nitrate in drinking water and risk for congenital cardiac defects. Environmental Research 89, 124-130. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  5. Council Directive 2008/120/EC of 18 December 2008 laying down minimum standards for the protection of pigs (Codified version).
  6. Dodds L, King WD (2001): Relation between trihalomethane compounds and birth defects. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58, 443-446. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  7. Klotz JB, Pyrch LA (1999): Neural tube defects and drinking water disinfection by-products. Epidemiology 10, 383-390. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  8. Lay DC Jr, Matteri RL, Carroll JA, Fangman TJ, Safranski TJ (2002): Preweaning survival in swine. Journal of Animal Science 80 (E. Suppl. 1), E74-E86.
  9. Olkowski AA (2009): Livestock Water Quality: A Field Guide for Cattle, Horses, Poultry and Swine. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, Ottawa. 180 pp.
  10. Patience JF (1989): Water quality and quantity: importance in animal and poultry production. In: Lyons TP (ed.): Biotechnology in the Feed Industry. Alltech Technical Publications, Nicholasville, Kentucky. 121-138.
  11. Schoder G, Maderbacher R, Wagner G, Baumgartner W (1993): Causes of losses in a pig fattening facility. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 100, 428-432. Go to PubMed...
  12. Shankar BP, Madhusudhan HS, Harish DB (2009): Preweaning mortality in pig-causes and management. Veterinary World 2, 236-239.
  13. Straw BE, Zimmerman JJ, D'Allaire S, Taylor DJ (eds.) (2006): Diseases of Swine. 9th ed. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, Iowa, USA. 1153 pp.
  14. Tofant A, Pavicic Z, Ostovic M, Mikulic M (2008): Monitoring of drinking water quality in intensive pig production concerning animal welfare. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on New Researches in Biotechnology. Biotechnology, Serie F, Special Volume, 138-143.
  15. Tofant A, Ostovic M, Wolf S, Ekert Kabalin A, Pavicic Z, Grizelj J (2010): Association between over-chlorinated drinking water and adverse reproductive outcomes in gilts and sows: a case report. Veterinarni Medicina 55, 394-398. Go to original source...
  16. Zoeteman BC, Hrubec J, de Greef E, Kool HJ (1982): Mutagenic activity associated with by-products of drinking water disinfection by chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone and UV-irradiation. Environmental Health Perspectives 46, 197-205. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.