Veterinární medicína - Latest articles
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A reproducible rat model for warfarin studies: Prothrombin time assessment with minimal blood using the CoaguChek XS and determination of an effective warfarin dosage
ET Akyol, MT Hekim, M Erol
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(6):245-253 | DOI: 10.17221/4/2026-VETMED 
Warfarin research in rats is often challenged by methodological inconsistencies and large blood volume requirements. This study aimed to validate a refined, reproducible rat model for serial prothrombin time (PT) monitoring using the CoaguChek XS, in alignment with the 3R principles, and to determine an effective warfarin sodium dosage. Male Wistar albino rats received daily oral warfarin (0.125–0.750 mg/kg) for 5 days. PT was measured using the whole-blood CoaguChek XS and two laboratory plasma assays (Innovin, Thromborel S). Agreement was assessed using Bland–Altman and Passing–Bablok regression. The CoaguChek XS consistently yielded...
Antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine: Mechanisms, regulation and control strategies
P Matlakova, K Nedbalcova
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(6):209-221 | DOI: 10.17221/2/2026-VETMED
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major global threat to both human and animal health. Within the One Health framework, farm and wild animals serve as critical reservoirs of resistant bacteria and resistance genes, which can disseminate through food, water, and the environment. The excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine exerts selection pressure that fosters the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Current mitigation strategies aim to reduce antibiotic consumption and promote prudent use through hygiene measures, vaccination, individualised therapy, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD)...
Meloxicam blood levels are not affected by sex-related hormones in male and female goats
A Gokceoglu, Z Ozdemir Kutahya, GF Yarim, P Piner Benli, C Gokbulut
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(6):222-229 | DOI: 10.17221/103/2025-VETMED
The present study aims to investigate the interaction between the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drug meloxicam and sex hormones in seasonal polyoestrous male and female Saanen goats. It was hypothesised that sex hormones, both steroidal and peptide hormones, may influence the serum concentration of the lipophilic drug meloxicam. In the study, the relationship between plasma meloxicam concentration (μg/ml) and the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), testosterone, oestradiol (E2), and progesterone (P4) was evaluated. For this purpose, six male and six female Saanen goats aged one year were...
Impact of histological and molecular subtype on the potential therapeutic effect of buparlisib in canine mammary gland tumours
A Baykal Ugur, G Guney Eskiler, O Turna
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(6):230-244 | DOI: 10.17221/48/2025-VETMED
This study aims to evaluate the response of primary cells to buparlisib, a PI3K inhibitor, at varying concentrations and exposure durations across different histological and molecular subtypes of CMGTs, and to assess PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activity by measuring Akt and mTOR expression. Three carcinomas (C), three sarcomas (S), and two carcinosarcomas (CS) tumours were collected from the dogs. The primary cells were produced from tissues and treated with buparlisib at different doses. Subsequently, the WST-1 assay, Annexin V, and AO/PI staining were performed sequentially to evaluate the effects of buparlisib. PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway inhibition...
Drugs and products in beekeeping: Efficacy and perspectives of natural alternatives
I Szabo, L Sabova, R Sabo, M Sucik
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(5):169-179 | DOI: 10.17221/88/2025-VETMED
Honeybee health is a key factor in sustainable apiculture, with the most significant colony losses attributed to the mite Varroa destructor and microsporidia of the genus Nosema spp. The aim of this review article is to summarise current knowledge on the use of pharmaceuticals and preparations in the prevention and treatment of these diseases and to highlight promising alternatives to synthetic acaricides. Commonly used active substances such as amitraz and pyrethroids show decreased efficacy in many countries due to the development of resistance. Therefore, organic acids (formic, oxalic, and lactic), essential oils, and plant extracts...
Protective effect of Loranthus tanakae Franch. & Sav. on allergic asthma induced by ovalbumin
S-H Park, S-W Pak, W-I Kim, B-R Jin, Y-K Cho, T-W Kim, J-W Ko, J-S Kim, J-C Kim, AY Lee, I-S Shin
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(5):190-200 | DOI: 10.17221/77/2025-VETMED
Allergic asthma is a widespread disease with elevated eosinophil levels. Although corticosteroids are widely prescribed for allergic asthma, numerous patients experience limited sensitivity and side effects. Loranthus tanakae Franch. & Sav., a traditional herbal plant, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in pulmonary inflammation caused by Asian sand dust and cigarette smoke condensate. To assess the protective effects of L. tanakae, we examined the influence of an L. tanakae ethanol extract (LTE) in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma. Mice received intraperitoneal sensitisation with OVA, and challenged...
From grain to forage: A decade of mycotoxin contamination in ruminant feed in the Czech Republic (2013–2023)
J Cahova, L Kvasnickova, J Illek, T Palenik, A Staffa, V Vlasakova, Z Svobodova, L Ravonjison, M Svoboda
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(5):180-189 | DOI: 10.17221/74/2025-VETMED
This study is based on analytical data on mycotoxin contamination in ruminant feeds in the Czech Republic over a ten-year period (2013–2023), specifically deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 toxin (T-2/HT-2), and ochratoxin A (OTA). Analyses were performed in accredited State Veterinary Institutes using validated immunochemical and chromatographic methods. Samples included forage and concentrate feeds for dairy cows, calf feed, and fattening cattle feed. During the monitoring period, DON was detected at higher concentrations, reflecting the susceptibility of field crops to Fusarium infection under local environmental conditions....
Comparison of the effect of Mospilan SP and its active substance on Artemia franciscana
M Falis, K Benova, M Spalkova, L Leskova
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(5):201-208 | DOI: 10.17221/73/2025-VETMED
Contaminants formed after the use of pesticides raise concerns for human health and aquatic ecosystems, i. a., due to their high persistence in surface waters and their further migration to other components of the environment. In our study, we compared the effect of the insecticide Mospilan SP and its active substance acetamiprid on the aquatic crustacean Artemia franciscana. The concentration was 367.44 mg/l for Mospilan SP LC50 after 120 h, and 102.82 mg/l after 144 hours. The concentration was 148.04 mg/l for the active substance acetamiprid LC20 after 144 h and 28.84 mg/l after 168 hours. The commercial insecticide...
Editorial for the Thematic Issue on Fish Health and Disease Management
M Faldyna
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(4)
Oral efficacy of controlled-release doxycycline against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infestation in salmonids
Z Mikulkova, K Matejickova, J Motlova, P Ginterova, M Jerabek, L Pojezdal
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(4):139-146 | DOI: 10.17221/104/2025-VETMED
Ichthyophthiriosis, caused by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, is a major threat in salmonid aquaculture. This study evaluated the efficacy of orally administered standard doxycycline and controlled-release doxycycline formulations in experimentally infected brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Fish received medicated feed for 10 days starting seven days post-infection. Controlled-release doxycycline achieved the highest survival rate (84.2%), followed by standard doxycycline (73.7%), while no control fish survived after day 25 post-infection. Both drug formulations eliminated trophonts from...
The effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum probiotic supplement on rainbow trout challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida
I Mikulikova, Z Lepkova, H Bandouchova, J Blahova, I Papezikova, H Novotna, I Toulova, K Kobelkova, K Odehnalova, E Postulkova, M Radojicic, J Mares, D Mudronova, M Palikova
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(4):156-168 | DOI: 10.17221/101/2025-VETMED
Two probiotic (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) supplementation strategies (continuous and cyclic) were evaluated for their ability to enhance resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Aeromonas salmonicida infection. Neither of these strategies improved post-challenge survival. Instead, cyclic administration resulted in a significantly higher mortality rate (73%) compared with continuous supplementation (52%) and the control group (46%). One week post-challenge, most haematological, plasma biochemical, and immune parameters showed no significant difference between treatments, though fish receiving cyclic supplementation...
Effect of a 24-hour praziquantel bath on the haematological and biochemical profile and selected parameters of oxidative stress in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
R Dobsikova, P Marsalek, J Velisek, J Blahova
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(4):147-155 | DOI: 10.17221/89/2025-VETMED
This study assessed the effect of a 24-hour bath with praziquantel (2 and 4 mg/l) on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by monitoring the haematological parameters, plasma biochemical profile, and oxidative stress indices. Fish were sampled at 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-hours post-exposure (hpe). The haematological analysis revealed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the white blood cell count immediately after treatment at both concentrations, with no subsequent changes. Within the plasma biochemical profile, a significant decrease (P < 0.05)...
In vitro comparison of anthelmintic efficacy across Gyrodactylus species
M Ondrackova, J Kolarova, K Skocovska
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(4):129-138 | DOI: 10.17221/79/2025-VETMED
Gyrodactylosis, caused by monogenean parasites of the genus Gyrodactylus, poses a significant threat to aquaculture, particularly under intensive farming conditions. This study evaluated the in vitro effectiveness of three veterinary anthelmintics – fenbendazole (FBZ), levamisole hydrochloride (LHC), and ivermectin (IVM) – against four Gyrodactylus species collected from wild cyprinid hosts. Parasite survival was monitored over 48 h at 6–7 °C. LHC showed the highest efficacy at both tested concentrations (30 and 50 mg/l), achieving near-complete mortality within 8 hours. FBZ and IVM were significantly...
Influence of the drone brood homogenate on the gut integrity and cellular immunity: A pilot study on pigs
V Karaffova, D Mudronova, M Levkut, L Rajcakova, Erik Hudec, R Zitnan, P Patras
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(3):95-105 | DOI: 10.17221/98/2025-VETMED
Drone brood homogenate (DBH), a nutrient-rich bee product, has received limited scientific attention despite its potential immunomodulatory and gut-protective properties. This study evaluated the effects of a dietary DBH supplementation on the intestinal barrier–related gene expression, phagocytic activity, and lymphocyte subpopulations in pigs. Eighteen weaned pigs were assigned to three groups (control, DBH100, DBH200) and fed DBH at 0, 100, or 200 mg/kg feed for 18 days. The gene expression of tight junction markers (occludin, claudin-1) and mucosal integrity–associated proteins (lumican, OLFM4) was assessed in the ileum by qRT-PCR....
Establishment of an experimental pig model for the induction of a Staphylococcus hyicus skin infection
K Matiaskova, M Reichelova, E Jeklova, M Zouharova, S Kobzova, K Nedbalcova, J Matiasovic, M Faldyna
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(3):83-94 | DOI: 10.17221/68/2025-VETMED
Staphylococcus hyicus is one of the causative agents of exudative epidermitis in pigs. The aim of this study was to establish a porcine challenge model of a skin infection caused by S. hyicus to assess the effectiveness of a medicinal product intended for local application. Based on the results of the presence of toxin encoding genes and antimicrobial resistance (detected resistance to clindamycin, penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin and tetracycline), three field strains were selected for the trial. At D0, six surface defects were created on the back of six piglets. The defects were inoculated with bacteria at two different concentrations:...
Secondary antibody therapy outperforms corticosteroids in an ameliorating lipopolysaccharide-induced rat model of premature ovarian failure
AA Zaki, SM Albarrak
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(3):117-128 | DOI: 10.17221/66/2025-VETMED
Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a significant cause of infertility and is often linked to autoimmune aetiologies. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation is a well-established model of autoimmune POF in rodents. Immunomodulatory treatments involving corticosteroids, frankincense, and targeted secondary antibodies have been hypothesised to mitigate the autoimmune response, reduce anti-ovarian antibody (AOA) levels, and restore ovarian function in an LPS-induced POF rat model. A POF model was established in female albino rats via the intraperitoneal injection of LPS. The rats were then divided into groups that received no treatment (LPS control),...
Pulsed electromagnetic fields vs NSAID therapy in canine osteoarthritis: A randomised comparative pilot study
S Sassaroli, F Dini, V Sisti, V Riccio, S Meggiolaro, L Bellodi, A Palumbo Piccionello
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(3):106-116 | DOI: 10.17221/54/2025-VETMED
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a cornerstone in the management of canine osteoarthritis (OA), despite concerns regarding their long-term safety. Among non-pharmacological alternatives, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy has gained attention for its potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, although veterinary-specific evidence remains limited. This randomised, controlled pilot study compared the clinical efficacy of PEMF therapy versus NSAID treatment (Mavacoxib) in 16 dogs with clinically and radiographically confirmed OA. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either a 12-session PEMF protocol over 45 days or a standard...
Bovine mastitis: Risk factors and isolation of Gram-negative bacteria in Western Algeria
C Bounoua, D Souna, MEA Bekara, I Belabdi, M Sebaihia, N Mimoune
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(2):54-61 | DOI: 10.17221/40/2025-VETMED
A cross-sectional study was conducted in western Algeria between February and October 2024, aimed at determining the prevalence of bovine mastitis, Gram-negative bacilli, and their associated risk factors. A total of 524 cows were sampled using clinical examination and the California mastitis test. Milk samples from the affected quarter were subjected to bacteriological assays. Three generalised linear mixed models were used to identify the risk factors for clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM), as well as Gram-negative bacilli isolates associated with bovine mastitis. Model selection was performed using the Akaike information...
The inhibition of deep peritoneal endometriosis by Andrographolide through macrophage M1 activity in an endometriosis mice model
IA Susianto, N Susilaningsih, ST Hidayat, Hardian, RR Tjandrawinata, B Rachmawati
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(2):62-72 | DOI: 10.17221/32/2025-VETMED
This study aims to demonstrate that Andrographolide, an herbal immunostimulant, can influence M1 macrophages to inhibit inflammation, including the growth of endometriosis caused by inflammation. This study evaluates the effects of Andrographolide on suppressing endometriosis through M1 macrophage activity. This post-test-only experimental study involved 42 female Balb/C mice, which were divided into six groups: Group N, KN (endometriosis without therapy), and KP (endometriosis + dienogest), P1 (endometriosis with 0.05 mg/kg), P2 (endometriosis + 0.1 mg/kg Andrographolide), and P3 (endometriosis + 0.2 mg/kg Andrographolide). Peritoneal fluid was aspirated,...
Ocular squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in a female buffalo
R Batista Viana, A Araujo Borges Lima, JM de Sousa Soares, G Meireles Borges, D Araujo Marques, SM da Silva Lobato, D de Menezes Melo, JC Melem Santos, L do Socorro Bremgarter, PE Zezema, S da Gama Barbosa Monger, G Melo Alves dos Santos, PP Maia Teixeira, G Rodrigues Galvao, J Dantas Ribeiro Filho, B Moura Monteiro
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(2):73-81 | DOI: 10.17221/26/2025-VETMED
Ocular squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an epithelial neoplasm that affects the ocular and periocular tissues, often associated with factors such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The disease is rarely reported in buffalo, particularly regarding its progression and treatment. This report describes a case of a buffalo with a pink mass in the right eye showing signs of inflammation. After clinical examination and initial treatment with topical solutions and systemic drugs, the tumour continued to grow. As a result, surgery was performed to remove the mass while preserving the eyeball and third eyelid. The procedure was successful, and histopathological...
Effect of bacteriophages on growth performance and health indicators in broiler chickens in the absence of bacterial challenge – A review
MA Mohd Shaufi, SL Chia, H Abu Hassim, MT Yusof, MA Akbar, AAL Song, S Mustafa
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(2):35-53 | DOI: 10.17221/5/2025-VETMED
This review examines bacteriophages as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in broiler chickens, with a unique focus on effects observed in studies without experimental bacterial challenges. Driven by global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) concerns and sustainable poultry production demands, phage supplementation, a targeted strategy, potentially improves growth performance and gut health by preserving beneficial microbiota. This literature analysis assesses phage efficacy in healthy broilers under non-challenge conditions, evaluating key variables such as phage concentration, delivery, and targets, as well as outcomes such as feed conversion...
List of volume 70 reviewers
Editorial Department
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(1):I-II
The safety of fermented milk as a feedback method to reduce diarrhoea in newborn piglets
J Matiasovic, M Zouharova, P Strakova, L Kavanova, D Karasova, J Gebauer, A Csorgo, I Rychlik
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(1):10-17 | DOI: 10.17221/83/2025-VETMED
Diarrhoea in newborn piglets represents a significant challenge to pig production. Controlled oral exposure, also known as “feedback”, whereby sows are exposed at least two weeks before farrowing to pathogens that cause health problems in piglets, is a traditional method of diarrhoea prevention. One type of feedback involves fermenting cow’s milk with faeces from piglets suffering from diarrhoea and administering it to sows before farrowing. The bacterial composition of the faecal inoculum and fermented milk was compared in this study, and the safety of administering the fermented milk to pregnant sows was evaluated. Using microbiota...
Dairy bull sperm subpopulation behaviour in frozen-thawed semen across breed, temperature, and thawing time
F Sevilla, I Araya-Zuniga, JM Solis, C Corcini, P Cervantes-Acosta, A Hernandez-Beltran, R Molina-Montero, D Pichardo-Matamoros, A Valverde
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(1):1-9 | DOI: 10.17221/56/2025-VETMED
Optimising dairy cattle reproduction with assisted reproductive technologies, such as artificial insemination, requires standardised semen handling and analysis. This study evaluated the kinematic structure of the spermatozoan subpopulation in frozen-thawed Holstein and Jersey bull semen doses under different thawing protocols. We used frozen semen doses taken from four bulls of each breed. Nine semen doses were collected from each animal, for a total of 72 cryopreserved doses. Straw thawing was performed at three temperatures (35 °C, 37 °C, and 40 °C) and three times (30 s, 40 s, and 45 s). Sperm kinematic patterns were evaluated using a CASA-mot...
Presumed atypical cor triatriatum dexter in a geriatric dog: A case report
Y Jeong, D Kwon, K Park, K Lee, H Yoon
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(1):27-34 | DOI: 10.17221/50/2025-VETMED
Membranous structures within the right atrium (RA), such as the Chiari network, eustachian valve, Thebesian valve, and cor triatriatum dexter (CTD), can present with overlapping imaging features and complicated diagnoses. A 17-year-old male Maltese presented with a cardiac murmur, cough, anorexia, and exercise intolerance. Echocardiography revealed a mobile membrane in the RA, dividing it into two chambers. Computed tomography (CT) confirmed this finding, demonstrating differential attenuation of contrast between the chambers. The vascular connections and anatomical relationships of the structure differed from those of previously reported CTD types....
Additive effects of ceftiofur-neomycin combination against multidrug-resistant pathogenic Escherichia coli in a murine infection model
K-H Do, M-G Kim, D-H Ryu, H-J Ahn, S-B Kim, Y-K Go, SY Kim, S Kim, S-H Lee, D-K Kim, Y-E Cho, J Kim, YK Park, K Youn, H Oh, K-W Seo
Vet Med - Czech, 2026, 71(1):18-26 | DOI: 10.17221/38/2025-VETMED
This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of a ceftiofur-neomycin combination against a pathogenic multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain, KECS-0513, isolated from pigs, using a combination of genomic, in vitro, and in vivo approaches. The minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and checkerboard assays were performed. Time–kill assays were used to assess bactericidal activity over time, and a murine intraperitoneal infection model was used to evaluate survival outcomes following treatment with monotherapies or combination regimens. Whole genome sequencing indicated that KECS-0513...
Evaluation of hydroalcoholic extract of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) root on treatment of experimentally induced peritonitis in New Zealand male rabbits
M Ahmadi, I Nowrouzian, M Norbakhsh, M Yadegari, M Jafarian Dehkordi
Vet Med - Czech, 2025, 70(12):432-441 | DOI: 10.17221/31/2025-VETMED
This experimental study evaluated the therapeutic potential of a liquorice-derived hydroalcoholic extract in managing experimentally induced peritonitis in New Zealand rabbits. The animals were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6): one control group, one negative control group (infected but untreated), three treatment groups that received the liquorice-derived extract at 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg, and one positive control group treated with enrofloxacin. The confirmation of peritoneal infection relied on histopathological and radiographic tests. The effect of the liquorice extract on the peritoneal infection was evaluated using biochemical, haematological,...
Impact of prebiotic supplementation on the zootechnical and health performance in broiler chickens
M Mansouri, N Hammami, A Yahia, K Saidani, Z Boumahdi, D Tarzaali, N Mimoune
Vet Med - Czech, 2025, 70(12):442-451 | DOI: 10.17221/37/2025-VETMED
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOSs) in broiler chicken feed throughout the complete rearing cycle, focusing on zootechnical performance and lactic acid bacteria. Over a period of 49 days, a total of one thousand and eighty (1 080) day-old ISA 15 chicks were divided into two (control and experimental) groups of 540 subjects each (9 replicates of 60 chicks per treatment). They were fed the same basic diet, but only the experimental group received a yeast cell wall extract-based prebiotic (AGRIMOS®, France), administered continuously at a dose of 2 g/kg throughout the different rearing...
Cerebellar hypoplasia in an Amur leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilura) with feline panleukopenia virus infection
JH Han, JS Oh, SY Ahn, J Kim, DN Lee, YD Suh, DY Kim, J Yoon, SC Yeon
Vet Med - Czech, 2025, 70(12):452-459 | DOI: 10.17221/29/2025-VETMED
Cerebellar hypoplasia caused by feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is well documented in domestic cats. Still, it remains unreported in wild felid species, including the Amur leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilura). Understanding the impact of such viral diseases on wild populations is crucial for advancing conservation efforts and protecting wildlife. An orphaned Amur leopard cat exhibiting idiopathic ataxia was rescued. Initial diagnostics, including physical examination, radiography, and blood analysis, yielded no remarkable findings, though its clinical signs indicated an underlying neurological problem. Subsequent real-time...
Effect of vatinoxan co-administered with medetomidine on intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in healthy dogs
P Rauser, M Mrazova, A Sabatova, K Jiraskova
Vet Med - Czech, 2025, 70(12):427-431 | DOI: 10.17221/47/2025-VETMED
Medetomidine, an alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist, is used for sedation. This study aimed to determine the influence of the alpha-2 adrenoreceptor antagonist vatinoxan, co-administered with medetomidine, on healthy dogs’ intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD). A prospective, randomised, masked clinical study was performed. A total of 40 conscious dogs were allocated to one of two groups: medetomidine 0.01 mg/kg with vatinoxan 0.2 mg/kg intravenously (MV-group, n = 20) or medetomidine 0.01 mg/kg intravenously (M-group, n = 20). The IOP, PD, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure were measured prior to baseline and...