Veterinární medicína - Latest articles

1 2 3 4 5 6

Double-wire woven nitinol stent for treating dogs with refractory tracheal collapse: A case series

JY Choi, Kim MY, HY Yoon

Vet Med - Czech, 2024, 69(1):30-34 | DOI: 10.17221/61/2023-VETMED

This retrospective case series describes the signalments, clinical signs, diagnostic test results, and postoperative complications obtained from the medical records of 10 client-owned dogs that underwent treatment for grade IV tracheal collapse using double-wire woven nitinol stents between October 2017 and September 2021. Respiratory signs resolved in all dogs immediately after tracheal stent placement. Mild to moderate stent fractures were identified in five dogs, of which two showed concurrent respiratory distress necessitating re-stenting after several months. Minor complications, such as stent migration, were absent. The double-wire woven...

Canine oral melanoma with suspected pulmonary metastasis: Combination of immunotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment

KR Kim, DH Kim, MJ Jung, DM Sihn, SW Jeong, JH Kim

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(12):477-482 | DOI: 10.17221/90/2023-VETMED

This case report follows a 10-year-old castrated male Miniature Schnauzer dog presented with a history of incomplete surgical resection of an oral malignant melanoma (amelanotic type) on the right mandible. Melanoma vaccine therapy was administered due to incomplete surgical resection, however, new masses were detected on the contralateral mandible and suspected pulmonary metastasis occurred at 2 weeks and 7 months, respectively, following the first melanoma vaccination. At the time of detecting the pulmonary metastasis, targeted chemotherapy was initiated with the owner’s consent using imatinib (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor...

Tremorgenic mycotoxin poisoning in a dog: A case report

T Novotna, B Sitarova, Z Hoskova, V Vaibarova, Z Dzuman, J Hajslova, V Skupien, Z Svobodova

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(12):483-489 | DOI: 10.17221/82/2023-VETMED

An eleven-year-old Pit Bull Terrier was presented to the veterinary practice with an acute onset of whole-body seizures. The clinical signs developed in a garden where the dog was kept that morning. There was a suspicion of tremorgenic mycotoxin poisoning by compost as the dog had vomited parts of compost right before the onset of the seizures and there was a pile of compost located in the garden. The dog underwent immediate decontamination following supportive treatment and recovered fully within 24 h of intensive care. The samples of the vomit and parts of the compost were cultivated. In the sample of the vomit, Penicillium sp. was...

Ribavirin inhibits peste des petits ruminants virus proliferation in vitro

W Zhang, H Deng, Y Liu, S Chen, Y Liu, Y Zhao

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(12):464-476 | DOI: 10.17221/56/2023-VETMED

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, belongs to the genus Morbillivirus. It causes devastating viral diseases in small ruminants and has been rapidly spreading over various regions in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Although vaccination is thought to be an effective management strategy against PPR infections, the heat sensitivity of PPRV vaccines severely restricts their use in regions with hot climates. In this research, we studied the antiviral activities of ribavirin and aimed to understand the potential mechanisms of action of ribavirin in the African green monkey kidney cells (Vero cells). In brief,...

An update about beneficial effects of medicinal plants in aquaculture: A review

F Dadras, J Velisek, E Zuskova

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(12):449-463 | DOI: 10.17221/96/2023-VETMED

Aquaculture is an essential and growing component of agricultural and global ecosystems worldwide. Aquaculture provides more than 25% of the total aquatic food consumption by humans. The development of the aquaculture industry should be followed in successive industrial years, and therefore it is necessary to pay attention to the management and type of farming system that is compatible with the environment. The use of antibiotics for disease control has been criticised for their negative effects, including the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the suppression of the immune system and the environment, and the accumulation of residue in aquatic...

Gallbladder atrophy associated with pancreatitis: Clinical and advanced imaging diagnosis in a dog

D Han, DI Jung

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(11):435-442 | DOI: 10.17221/76/2023-VETMED

Gallbladder atrophy (GBA) is characterised by a reduction in the size and volume of the gallbladder. In human medicine, it is well-established that GBA frequently occurs together with pathologies affecting the gallbladder and pancreas. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is currently a dearth of reported cases of GBA in dogs within the veterinary field. In this study, we present a case report of GBA in a 7-year-old Yorkshire Terrier. The diagnosis of GBA was confirmed using abdominal ultrasonography and advanced imaging techniques, including computed tomography, which were performed over a 4-year period. The patient initially presented with...

Updating of epidemiological and pathological features of Marek’s disease in laying hens and broilers

M Zeghdoudi, M Latifa, M Seloua, S Rima, T Mardja, L Aoun

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(11):443-448 | DOI: 10.17221/75/2023-VETMED

Marek’s disease (MD) is a huge problem for researchers due to the significant losses in bird flocks, but more importantly, the virus’s mutagenic potential. The purpose of this study was to describe non-classical gross lesions observed in broilers and laying hens that suggest the disease emergence and re-emergence. The survey was conducted on 10 broiler and 4 laying hen flocks. All of the dead birds were necropsied in order to obtain a comprehensive diagnosis of lesions, analysing both macroscopic and microscopic alterations. Marek’s disease occurred in 80% of cases in broilers and 100% of cases in layer hens. The disease struck 26-day-old...

Predominance of Acinetobacter pseudolwoffii among Acinetobacter species in domestic animals in the Czech Republic

V Sladecek, D Senk, P Stolar, J Bzdil, O Holy

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(11):419-427 | DOI: 10.17221/65/2023-VETMED

The aim of this study was to map the spectrum of microorganisms belonging to the genus Acinetobacter in domestic animals with a specific focus on the prevalence of Acinetobacter pseudolwoffii. Additionally, the susceptibility of isolates to antimicrobial agents was determined. In the period from January 1, 2014, to August 31, 2015, a total of 9 544 samples originating from gross lesions and pathological processes of animals exhibiting clinical symptoms of the disease were examined across 41 districts in the Czech Republic. The examinations were carried out using culture methods involving meat-peptone blood agar and Endo agar under aerobic conditions...

Detection of the T1640C RYR1 mutation indicating malignant hyperthermia in dogs

J Haluskova, B Holeckova, L Kokulova, M Galdikova, J Bucan, V Schwarzbacherova, S Sedlakova

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(11):428-434 | DOI: 10.17221/46/2023-VETMED

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a clinical syndrome exhibiting elevation of expired carbon dioxide, hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, rhabdomyolysis, acidosis and hyperkalaemia, as well as cardiac dysrhythmia and renal failure. The syndrome manifests itself as a response to anaesthetic agents, such as e.g., halothane, desflurane, and succinylcholine. Depending on the animal species, MH is characterised by autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance, and so far two genes have been identified whose mutations can be linked to MH: RYR1 and CACNA1S. In different species, various mutations of the RYR1 gene have been described which may underlie...

Effect of novel carboxymethyl cellulose-based dressings on acute wound healing dynamics

A Kruzicova, M Chalupova, G Kuzminova, T Parak, J Klusakova, T Sopuch, P Suchy

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(10):403-411 | DOI: 10.17221/89/2023-VETMED

The clinical implications and efficacy of newly developed modified cellulose materials were evaluated in an acute wound animal model. In the current study, sixty male rats were divided into four groups. A full-thickness circular excision wound was created in the suprascapular area. Newly developed matrices (acidic partially carboxymethylated cellulose; acidic partially carboxymethylated cellulose impregnated with a povidone-iodine solution) were applied in two test groups, while fifteen animals were used as a control group without any primary dressing. Aquacel Ag, a clinically used dressing, was selected as the reference material. To compare the efficacy...

Spinal cord haemangiosarcoma in one dog – Case report

M Kuricova, J Fuchs, T Liptak, F Korim, N Surin Hudakova, B Bhattarai, Z Kerekes, V Revajova

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(10):412-418 | DOI: 10.17221/60/2023-VETMED

A 5-year-old intact female Shih Tzu was presented with acute onset of hind leg paralysis. The neurologic examination revealed severe T3-L3 myelopathy. The differential diagnoses included degenerative, anomalous, traumatic, inflammatory, vascular, metabolic, and neoplastic changes. The results of the paraclinical examinations and diagnostic imaging narrowed the list of differential diagnoses and, along with the patient’s deteriorating condition, led to the owner’s decision to euthanise the dog. The histologic findings of the spinal cord specimens indicated a tumour of the blood vessels formed by the proliferation of endothelial cells, which...

Lactobacillus sp. participated in the adaptation of Rongchang piglets to cold stress

J Chai, X Long, P Wu, J Wang, X Wu, Z Tu, M Wei, Z Guo, T Zhang, L Chen

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(10):392-402 | DOI: 10.17221/54/2023-VETMED

Rongchang piglets were easily induced to cold stress and diarrhoea in the winter when raised in an open hog house. However, they also gradually recovered under mid-cold stress. Other studies have suggested gut microbiome might be involved in the host energy metabolism to relieve stress. To study how to adapt Rongchang piglets to cold stress by gut microbiome, thirty Rongchang piglets were randomly divided into a mild cold stress group and a control group for 30 consecutive days. The findings revealed that the piglets had low growth performance and a high diarrhoea rate and mortality rate during the first half of the cold treatment, but subsequently...

Seroprevalence and haemato-biochemical effects of bovine leucosis in buffalo, Punjab, Pakistan

A Rahman, M Kashif, A Nasir, Ehtisham-ul-Haque S, H Ullah, A Sikandar, I Ahmed, AU Rehman, MA Saeed, MW Nazar, M Rizwan, S Saher, A Abbas

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(10):385-391 | DOI: 10.17221/57/2023-VETMED

Enzootic bovine leucosis is caused by bovine leukaemia virus (BLV), a Deltaretrovirus belonging to the family Retroviridae. BLV causes huge economic losses to the dairy industry in the form of decreased milk production, premature culling, and poor reproductive performance of the animals. The aim of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of BLV infection in buffalo in two districts of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 384 samples were collected and analysed using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to investigate the seroprevalence of BLV through the detection of the anti-BLV gp51 antibody. A predesigned...

Retrospective study using biosensor data of a milking Holstein cow with jejunal haemorrhage syndrome

S Ha, S Kang, M Jung, E Jeon, S Hwang, J Lee, J Kim, YC Bae, J Park, UH Kim

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(9):375-383 | DOI: 10.17221/73/2023-VETMED

Jejunal haemorrhage syndrome (JHS) is a sporadic and fatal enterotoxaemic disease in dairy cows associated with acute development and poor prognosis despite treatment. A 5-year-old Holstein cow with no reported pregnancy, three calving numbers, and 303 days in milk presented with hypothermia, discomfort, and inappetence. Anaemia, dehydration, faeces with blood clots, and absence of rumen and bowel movements were observed. We identified the presence of neutrophilia, hyperglycaemia, hypoproteinaemia, azotaemia, hyperlactatemia, hypocalcaemia, hypermagnesemia, hypokalaemia, and hypochloraemia through blood analyses. Necropsy and histopathologic examination...

Plasma bile acids in healthy green iguanas and iguanas with chronic liver diseases

Z Knotek, Z Knotkova, E Cermakova, GM Dorrestein, KO Heckers, D Komenda

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(9):368-374 | DOI: 10.17221/10/2023-VETMED

The aim of the study was to establish reference values for plasma bile acid (BA) concentrations in a collection of healthy green iguanas and to compare the results with BA concentrations in iguana patients presented to the clinic with various types of chronic liver diseases, patients with other chronic diseases and healthy iguanas that were presented for routine or pre-surgical health check-up. The concentration of BA was determined using the enzymatic colorimetric method. Mean plasma bile acid concentration in 110 samples from healthy green iguanas fasted for 24 h was higher (15.89 ± 15.61 μmol/l) than plasma bile acid concentration in the...

Evaluation of Streptococcus species isolated from subclinical sheep mastitis by molecular methods and determination of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes

V Ozavci, HT Yuksel Dolgun, S Kirkan, Y Seferoglu, Z Semen, U Parin

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(9):359-367 | DOI: 10.17221/42/2023-VETMED

Streptococcus (S.) species are important pathogens that cause mastitis in sheep. The study aimed to examine Streptococcus species in sheep milk with subclinical mastitis, assessing their prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes. A total of 200 milk samples were collected from sheep farms in İzmir’s five districts. Out of 32 (28.6%) Streptococcus isolates identified by phenotypic methods, 25 were genotypically identified as S. uberis, 5 as S. agalactiae, and 2 as S. dysgalactiae. Disk diffusion was used to determine the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. PCR was employed...

The importance of slaughterhouses in monitoring the occurrence of tail biting in pigs – Review

M Svoboda, N Hodkovicová, A Siwicki, W Szweda

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(9):349-358 | DOI: 10.17221/85/2023-VETMED

Tail biting in pigs represents a very serious problem in modern pig farming, particularly with the intensification of the industry. It is considered a multifactorial syndrome and can be caused by various factors, leading to significant economic losses through reduced weight gain and partial or total condemnation of slaughtered carcasses due to secondary bacterial infections. The aim of this article is to summarise the current knowledge regarding tail biting in pigs, with a primary focus on the use of slaughterhouses for evaluating tail lesions and monitoring their prevalence. The introduction addresses the factors influencing the incidence of tail...

Selected neonicotinoids and associated risk for aquatic organisms

A Strouhova, J Velisek, A Stara

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(8):313-336 | DOI: 10.17221/78/2023-VETMED

Neonicotinoids are one of the newest groups of systemic pesticides, effective on a wide range of invertebrate pests. The success of neonicotinoids can be assessed according to the amount used, for example, in the Czech Republic, which now accounts for 1/3 of the insecticide market. The European Union (EU) has a relatively interesting attitude towards neonicotinoids. Three neonicotinoid substances (imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam) were severely restricted in 2013. In 2019, imidacloprid and clothianidin were banned, while thiamethoxam and thiacloprid were banned in 2020. In 2022, another substance, sulfoxaflor, was banned. Therefore, only...

A quadrigeminal arachnoid cyst as a cause of neurological symptoms in an 11-month-old Brussels Griffon – A case study

M Mieszkowska, K Michalska, M Mieszkowski, M Dowgierd, Y Zhalniarovich

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(8):343-348 | DOI: 10.17221/53/2023-VETMED

An intracranial arachnoid cyst (IAC) is a rare developmental disorder that is consistent with cerebrospinal fluid accumulation between the brain and the arachnoid membrane. A quadrigeminal cyst is a specific type of cyst that is identified based on its localization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report on this type of pathology in a Brussels Griffon. This case study describes an 11-month-old female Brussels Griffon with symptoms of reluctance to lower the head and eat from a bowl placed on the ground, combined with episodes of vocalization. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with a quadrigeminal cyst during a low-field...

Successful treatment of a benign, non-infected cyst in a dog by bone marrow injections

B Degorska, J Sterna, J Bonecka, M Sobczak-Filipiak, J Jacewicz

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(8):337-342 | DOI: 10.17221/19/2023-VETMED

Bone cysts are rare orthopaedic problems in dogs. There are no clear treatment guidelines. A young male Shih Tzu was referred to Small Animal Clinic with fifth-degree lameness (5/5) of the left thoracic limb, and with swelling and deformation of the distal humeral region. The radiological assessment revealed an enlargement of the distal brachium and an extensive hypodense osteolytic lesion in the distal metaphyseal region of the humerus. Diagnosis of the bone cyst was formulated and treated with a mini-invasive method using autologous non-concentrated bone marrow injections. The treatment was successful, and at the three weeks, the cyst significantly...

The use of functional amino acids in different categories of pigs – A review

N Hodkovicova, S Halas, K Tosnerova, K Stastny, M Svoboda

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(8):299-312 | DOI: 10.17221/72/2023-VETMED

The present review deals with a particularly important topic: the use of functional amino acids in different categories of pigs. It is especially relevant in the context of the current efforts to reduce the use of antibiotics in pig farming and the search for possible alternatives to replace them. The review is based on the definition that functional amino acids (FAAs) are classified as dispensable amino acids, but with additional biological functions, i.e., not only are they used for protein formation, but they are also involved in regulating essential metabolic pathways to improve health, survival, growth, and development. We describe the mechanism...

Clinical infection of Brucella canis in a companion dog with discospondylitis in the Republic of Korea

JH Seo, YI Oh, SH Kim, KW Seo, BJ Kang

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(7):293-298 | DOI: 10.17221/37/2023-VETMED

A 2-year-old, spayed female, Bichon Frise dog was presented with reluctance to exercise, back pain, and frequent sitting down. Multiple osteolysis, periosteal proliferation, and sclerosis of the vertebral endplates of T11–13 were observed in the radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The bacterial culture of the urine specimen, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the blood, and the antibody tests were positive for Brucella canis. Accordingly, discospondylitis caused by B. canis was diagnosed and doxycycline was administered. The clinical signs resolved and the culture and PCR results were negative afterwards....

Effect of GnRH agonist (deslorelin) on reproductive activity in captive female veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus)

E Cermakova, Z Knotkova, D Boruvka, M Skoric, Z Knotek

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(7):287-292 | DOI: 10.17221/31/2023-VETMED

Eighteen 5 months old veiled chameleon females (Chamaeleo calyptratus) were used in the study. Seven females received subcutaneous implants with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH) deslorelin acetate whereas eleven females were used as control animals without any implants. Females were kept in five terraria, in groups of four females (in 3 terraria) and groups of three females (in 2 terraria), respectively. A minimum of one female with GnRH implants was present in each terrarium. They were kept under standard husbandry conditions. Females of both groups (females with GnRH and controls, respectively) were monitored for three years....

Reliability of using Wood’s lamp by shelter personnel to diagnose Microsporum canis in cats

K Mrazkova, J Konvalinova, I Bedanova

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(7):281-286 | DOI: 10.17221/32/2023-VETMED

Optimising diagnostic methods in shelters so that they are as economical as possible for the shelter is especially important because shelters often have a significant lack of funds and so usually do not carry out preventive screening of cats. Dermatophyte fungi spread quickly and can infect shelter staff. The aim of our work was to identify the occurrence of Microsporum canis in shelter cats. It aimed to determine the prevalence of M. canis in cats at the selected shelter and compare the efficiency of detection using a Wood’s lamp and culturing on Sabouraud’s agar. All cats present in the shelter at the time of the...

Therapeutic potential of natural products and antibiotics against bovine mastitis pathogen of cows and buffaloes

W Khan, SA Khan, FA Khan, S Khan, I Ullah, A Shah, I Uddin, S Khan, H Khan, MN Uddin, F Akbar, N Qayum

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(7):271-280 | DOI: 10.17221/80/2022-VETMED

The present study aims to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus associated with bovine mastitis to selected antibiotics and plant extracts. In the current study, 140 milk samples were collected from cows and buffaloes. Among the 140 samples, 93 samples were positive for sub-clinical mastitis based on the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Out of the total positive samples, 45 were confirmed for S. aureus on a Mannitol salt agar media. The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that 44.82% of the isolates were resistant to cefoxitin (oxacillin) confirming methicillin-resistant S. aureus...

Indications for the removal of implants after fracture healing: A comparison between human and veterinary medicine

M Candela Andrade, I De Rus Aznar, M Brunnberg, P Slunsky

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(7):259-270 | DOI: 10.17221/52/2023-VETMED

Indications for implant removal after fracture healing are still under debate in both human and veterinary medicine. Although hardware removal is a common procedure, it should not be undertaken lightly. Intra and post-operative complications are common and a thorough evaluation of the risks and benefits should be performed. This review aimed to collect and summarise published data on the indications for implant removal in small animals, compare the collected data with human and equine medicine, and investigate the existence of guidelines for this purpose. There is no international consensual agreement for implant removal after fracture healing, neither...

Sex identification in Australian skinks (Egernia stokesii, E. hosmeri, E. striolata) using cloacoscopy

Z Knotek, M Oliveri, E Cermakova, P Sramek

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(6):253-257 | DOI: 10.17221/3/2023-VETMED

Thirteen adult healthy captive skinks, six Gidgee spiny-tailed skinks (Egernia stokesii), three Hosmer’s spiny-tailed skinks (Egernia hosmeri) and four tree crevice-skinks (Egernia striolata), were submitted to the study. The weight of the animals ranged from 28 g to 146 g. All skinks were explored during their putative mating season, which is December. Lizards were restrained manually and positioned in ventral recumbence. Cloacoscopy was performed with the rigid endoscope, protecting channel, endocamera and recording system Telepack-Pal (Karl Storz Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany). While the endoscope was gently introduced...

Continuous versus intermittent enteral nutrition in hospitalised dogs and cats using a new scoring system: A prospective clinical study

A Rado-Blozonova, L Rauserova-Lexmaulova, L Cerna, M Pavlik, M Rado, M Fusek

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(6):246-252 | DOI: 10.17221/26/2023-VETMED

Nutrition is an important part of the critical care. The goals of this prospective clinical study were to create a scoring system for the assessment of patient nutritional status and to compare continuous and intermittent bolus feeding of enteral nutrition (EN). A total of 38 patients (21 dogs and 17 cats) were divided into Group C (continuous feeding; 23 patients) and Group I (intermittent feeding; 15 patients). The following variables were recorded for each patient in both groups: gastrointestinal (GI) complications, changes in body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), muscle condition score (MCS), veterinary nutritional status score (VetNSS),...

Incidence of aflatoxin M1 in cows’ milk in Pakistan, effects on milk quality and evaluation of therapeutic management in dairy animals

I Ullah, A Nasir, M Kashif, A Sikandar, M Sajid, M Adil, A Rehman, MU Iqbal, H Ullah

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(6):238-245 | DOI: 10.17221/18/2023-VETMED

The present study was aimed at measuring the concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in the milk of Holstein Friesian cows, its effect on the milk quality and seasonal trends, as well as to investigate the efficacy of a commercial clay-based toxin binder. For this purpose, milk samples from dairy cows (n = 72) were collected and assayed for AFM1 before employing a clay-based toxin binder. The milk samples (n = 72) were collected from selected animals, revealing that 69.4% of the milk samples had AFM1 levels above the United States permissible limit (0.5 µg/kg). The incidence of AFM1 in milk during the winter and summer was 82.5% and 53.1%, respectively....

Immunohistochemical analysis of extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression in mature and immature bulls’ testes and epididymides

S Jang, C Yun, B Kim, S Kang, J Lee, S Jeong, Y Cho, K Sung-Ho, L Chang-Min, C Moon, K Joong-Sun

Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(6):231-237 | DOI: 10.17221/34/2023-VETMED

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) has been implicated in mammalian testicular and epididymal development. This study aimed to investigate ERK expression in the immature and mature testes and epididymides of bulls. We evaluated ERK expression using immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Immunoblot analysis revealed that immature bull testes and epididymides had higher phosphorylated ERK (pERK) expression than mature bull testes and epididymides. pERK immunoreactivity was higher in immature epididymides than in immature testes. pERK was localised mostly in spermatogonia, undifferentiated sustentacular (Sertoli) cells, and interstitial...