Vet Med - Czech, 2004, 49(11):427-440 | DOI: 10.17221/5733-VETMED

Mycobacterial infections in horses: a review of the literature

I. Pavlik, P. Jahn, L. Dvorska, M. Bartos, L. Novotny, R. Halouzka
1 , P. J 2, L. D 1, M. B 1, L. N 2, R. H 2 1Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
2 University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic

Mycobacterial infections are rarely diagnosed in horses. Nevertheless, it was possible to obtain noteworthy information on diagnosis, manifold clinical signs and epidemiological relationships from available literature. It has been more than 60 years since a review dealing with this topic was published. Based on literature analysis, it was found that after bovine tuberculosis control in cattle and other animals in Central Europe, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) members were the most commonly found causal agents of mycobacterial infections in horses. At present, mycobacterial infections caused both by M. tuberculosis complex and MAC are occasionally diagnosed in horses inCentral Europe. Finally, under certain conditions, horses may become a source of mycobacterial infections for other animal species or for immunocompromised humans

Keywords: avian mycobacteriosis; zoonosis; vector; Czech Republic; PCR; RFLP; IS901; IS1245; M. a. hominissuis; M .a. paratuberculosis; .M. intracellulare; M. bovis

Published: November 30, 2004  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Pavlik I, Jahn P, Dvorska L, Bartos M, Novotny L, Halouzka R. Mycobacterial infections in horses: a review of the literature. Vet Med - Czech. 2004;49(11):427-440. doi: 10.17221/5733-VETMED.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Allen B.W. (1991): Comparison of three methods for decontamination of faeces for isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tubercle, 72, 214-217. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Anonymous (1960): Tuberkulose und Fleis vergi er bei S la ieren. Fleis wirts a, 12, 107, Steigler.
    3. Anonymous (1961): Tuberkulose und Fleis vergi er bei S la ieren. Fleis wirts a, 13, 127, Steigler.
    4. Anzai T., Kamada M., Kanemaru T., Oikawa M. (1989): Isolation of Mycobacterium avium complex from thoroughbred racehorse with fatal pneumonia (in Japanese). Bulletin of Equine Research Institute, 26, 73-77.
    5. Aranaz A., Cousins D., Mateos A., Dominguez L. (2003): Elevation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. caprae Aranaz et al. (1999) to species rank as Mycobacterium caprae comb. nov., sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 53, 1785-1789. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Baker J.R. (1973): A case of generalised avian tuberculosis in a horse. Veterinary Record, 93, 105-106. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Beech J., Sweeney C.R. (1991): Infections caused by bacteria, mycoplasmas, parasites and fungi. In: Beech J. (ed.): Equine Respiratory Disorders. Lea and Febiger, 181-207.
    8. Biberstein E.L., Jang S.S., Hirsh D.C. (1985): Nocardia asteroides infection in horses: a review. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 186, 273- 277. Go to PubMed...
    9. Binkhorst G.J., Van der Gaag I., Aalfs R.H.G., De Smidt A.C. (1972): Avian tuberculosis in ponies (in Dutch). Tijds ri voor Diergeneeskunde, 97, 1268-1284.
    10. Booth T.M., Wa ret A. (2000): Stifle abscess in a pony associated with Mycobacterium smegmatis. Veterinary Record, 147, 452-454.
    11. Buergelt C.D., Green S.L., Mayhew I.G., Wilson J.H., Merri A.M. (1988): Avian mycobacteriosis in three horses. Cornell Veterinarian, 78, 365-380.
    12. Buss W. (1954): Hau uberkulose des Pferdes als Ursa e mens li er Hau uberkulose. Tierärztli e Ums au, 9, 164.
    13. Cimprich R.E. (1974): Equine granulomatous enteritis. Veterinary Pathology, 11, 535-547. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Cline J.M., Schlafer D.W., Callihan D.R., Vanderwall D., Drazek F.J. (1991): Abortion and granulomatous colitis due to Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a horse. Veterinary Pathology, 28, 89-91. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Corner L.A. (1994): Postmortem diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in ca le. Veterinary Microbiology, 40, 53-63. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Cousins D.V., Bastida R., Cataldi A., Quse V., Redrobe S., Dow S., Duignan P., Murray A., Dupont C., Ahmed N., Collins D.M., Butler W.R., Dawson D., Rodriguez D., Loureiro J., Romano M.I., Alito A., Zumarraga M., Bernardelli A. (2003): Tuberculosis in seals caused by a novel member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: Mycobacterium pinnipedii sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 53, 1305-1314. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Dolfijn E.K., Van der Kamp J.S. (1975): Avian tuberculosis in a horse (in Dutch). Tijdschri voor Diergeneeskunde, 100, 616-617.
    18. Drazan J., Cupak M., Cerny L., Dobes M., Jedli a J., Kabrt J., Klimes B., Klobouk A., Kouba V., Kubik A., Mikotova E., Pavlas M., Pivnik L., Pravda L., Rejthar E., Rossi L., Rysanek M., Riha V., Stepanek M., Zendulka M. (1962): Tuberculosis of farm animals (in Cze) . Cze oslovak Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Statni Zemedelske Nakladatelstvi) Prague. 509 pp.
    19. Dukic B., Putnik M. (1971): Tuberculosis of the skin of the abdomen in a horse, pachydermia tuberculosa. Acta Veterinaria Beograd, 21, 135-142.
    20. Dungworth D.L. (1993): The Respiratory System. In: Jubb K.V.F., Kennedy P.C., Palmer N. (eds.): Pathology of Domestic Animals. 4th ed. Vol. 2. Academic Press, San Diego. 648-649. Go to original source...
    21. Dvorska L., Bartos M., Ostadal O., Kaustova J., Matlova L., Pavlik I. (2002): IS1311 and IS1245 restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses, serotypes, and drug susceptibilities of Mycobacterium avium complex isolates obtained from a human immunodeficiency virus-negative patient. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40, 3712-3719. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Dvorska L., Bull T.J., Bartos M., Matlova L., Svastova P., Weston R.T., Kintr J., Parmova I., Van Soolingen D., Pavlik I. (2003): A standardised restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method for typing Mycobacterium avium isolates links IS901 with virulence for birds. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 55, 11-27. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Dvorska L., Matlova L., Bartos M., Parmova I., Bartl J., Svastova P., Bull T.J., Pavlik I. (2004): Study of Mycobacterium avium complex strains isolated from ca le in the Czech Republic between 1996 and 2000. Veterinary Microbiology, 99, 239-250. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Erler W., Martin G., Sachse K., Naumann L., Kahlau D., Beer J., Bartos M., Nagy G., Cvetnic Z., Zolnir-Dovc M., Pavlik I. (2004): Molecular fingerprinting of Mycobacterium bovis subsp. caprae isolates from Central Europe. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, 2234-2238. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Fischer O., Matlova L., Bartl J., Dvorska L., Melicharek I., Pavlik I. (2000): Findings of mycobacteria in insectivores and small rodents. Folia Microbiologica, 45, 147-152. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Fischer O., Matlova L., Dvorska L., Svastova P., Bartl J., Melicharek I., Weston R.T., Pavlik I. (2001): Diptera as vectors of mycobacterial infections in ca le and pigs. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 15, 208-211. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Fischer O.A., Matlova L., Bartl J., Dvorska L., Svastova P., Du Maine R., Melicharek I., Bartos M., Pavlik I. (2003a): Earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) and mycobacteria. Veterinary Microbiology, 91, 325-338. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Fischer O.A., Matlova L., Dvorska L., Svastova P., Pavlik I. (2003b): Nymphs of the Oriental cockroach, Bla a orientalis as passive vectors of causal agents of avian tuberculosis and paratuberculosis. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 17, 145-150. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Fischer O.A., Matlova L., Dvorska L., Svastova P., Bartl J., Weston R.T., Pavlik I. (2004a): Blowflies Calliphora vicina and Lucilia sericata as passive vectors of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium, M. a. paratuberculosis and M. a. hominissuis. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 18, 116-122. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Fischer O.A., Matlova L., Dvorska L., Svastova P., Peral D.L., Weston R.T., Bartos M., Pavlik, I. (2004b): Beetles as possible vectors of infections caused by Mycobacterium avium species. Veterinary Microbiology, 102, 247-255. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Flores J.M., Sanchez J., Castano M. (1991): Avian tuberculosis dermatitis in a young horse Veterinary Record, 128, 407-408. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Foschi M. (1946): A case of lung tuberculosis in a horse caused by bacillus of avian type (in Italian). Clinica Veterinaria Milano, 69, 33-45.
    33. Godglu G. (1967): Darm. In: Dobberstein J., Pallaske G., Stünzi H. (eds.): Joest's Handbu der Speziellen Pathologis en Anatomie der Haustiere. 2. Part, 6. Band, 3rd ed. Parey, Berlin. 337-698.
    34. Green E.P., Tizard M.L.V., Moss M.T., Thompson J., Winterbourne D.J., McFadden J.J., Hermon-Taylor J. (1989): Sequence and characteristics of IS900, an insertion element identified in a human Crohn's disease isolate of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Nucleic Acids Research, 17, 9063-9073. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Guerrero C., Bernasconi C., Burki D., Bodmer T., Telenti A. (1995): A novel insertion element from Mycobacterium avium, IS1245, is a special target for analysis of strain relatedness. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 33, 304-307. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Gunnes G., Nord K., Vatn S., Saxegaard F. (1995): A case of generalized avian tuberculosis in a horse. Veterinary Record, 136, 565-566. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Griffith A.S. (1937): Types of tubercle bacilli in equine tuberculosis. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 50, 159-172. Go to original source...
    38. Helie P., Higgins R. (1996): Mycobacterium avium complex abortion in a mare. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 8, 257-258. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. Horvathova A., Kazda J., Bartl J., Pavlik I. (1997): Occurrence of facultatively pathogenic mycobacteria in the environment and their effects on living organisms (in Slovak). Veterinarni Medicina, 42, 191-212.
    40. Innes J.R.M. (1949): Tuberculosis in the horse. British Veterinary Journal, 105, 373-383. Go to original source...
    41. Jorgensen J.B. (1978): Serological investigation of strains of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare isolated from animal and non-animal sources. Nordisk Veterinaermedicin, 30, 155-162. Go to PubMed...
    42. Kazda J. (2000): The ecology of the Mycobacteria. 1st ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London. 72 pp.
    43. Konyha L.D., Kreier J.P. (1971): The significance of tuberculin tests in the horse. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 103, 91-99. Go to PubMed...
    44. Krejci J. (1958): Tuberculosis in horses (in Czech). Veterinarstvi, 8, 464-467.
    45. Kubin M., Burianova B., Mezensky L., Slosarek M., Turzova M. (1986): Diagnostics of mycobacterial infections, 32-42. In: Schindler J., Tichacek B., Potuznik V. (eds.): Microbiological Examination Methods (in Czech). 1st ed. Vol. 3. Avicenum, Prague. 122 pp.
    46. Kulski J.K., Khinsoe C., Pryce T., Christiansen K. (1995): Use of a multiplex PCR to detect and identify Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare in blood culture fluids of AIDS patients. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 33, 668-674. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Kunze Z.M., Portaels F., McFadden J.J. (1992): Biologically distinct subtypes of Mycobacterium avium differ in possession of insertion sequence IS901. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 30, 2366-2372. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    48. Larsen A.B., Moon H.V., Merkal R.S. (1972): Susceptibility of horses to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 33, 2185-2189. Go to original source...
    49. Leifsson P.S., Olsen S.N., Larsen S. (1997): Ocular tuberculosis in a horse. Veterinary Record, 141, 651-654.
    50. Lesslie I.W., Davies D.R.T. (1958): Tuberculosis in a horse caused by avian type tubercle bacillus. Veterinary Record, 70, 82-84.
    51. Lofstedt J., Jakowski R.M. (1989): Diagnosis of avian tuberculosis in a horse by use of liver-biopsy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 194, 260-262. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    52. Luke D. (1958): Tuberculosis in the horse, pig, sheep and goat. Veterinary Record, 70, 529-536.
    53. Machackova M., Matlova L., Lamka J., Smolik J., Melicharek I., Hanzlikova M., Docekal J., Cvetnic Z., Nagy G., Lipiec M., Ocepek M., Pavlik I. (2003): Wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a possible vector of mycobacterial infections: review of literature and critical analysis of data from Central Europe between 1983 to 2001. Veterinarni Medicina, 48, 51-65. h p://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/483-51.pdf Go to original source...
    54. Machackova M., Svastova P., Lamka J., Parmova I., Liska V., Smolik J., Fischer O.A., Pavlik I. (2004): Paratuberculosis in farmed and free-living wild ruminants in the Czech Republic (1999-2001). Veterinary Microbiology, 101, 225-234. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    55. Mair T.S., Jenkins P.A. (1990): Isolation of mycobacteria from nasal cavity of horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 22, 54-55. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. Mair T.S., Taylor F.G.R., Gibbs C., Lucke V.M. (1986): Generalised avian tuberculosis in a horse. Equine Veterinary Journal, 18, 226-230. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    57. Matlova L., Dvorska L., Bartl J., Bartos J., Ayele W.Y., Alexa M., Pavlik I. (2003): Mycobacteria isolated from the environment of pig farms in the Czech Republic during the years 1996 to 2002. Veterinarni Medicina, 48, 343-357. h p://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/48-12-343.pdf Go to original source...
    58. Matlova L., Dvorska L., Ayele W.Y., Bartos M., Pavlik I. (2004a): Distribution of Mycobacterium avium complex isolates in tissue samples of pigs fed with peat as a supplement. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, accepted. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    59. Matlova L., Dvorska L., Bartos M., Bartl J., Franta V., Mayer J., Kazda J., Pavlik I. (2004b): Tuberculous lesions in pig lymph nodes caused by peat fed as a supplement. Veterinary Microbiology, submi ed. Go to original source...
    60. Matlova L., Dvorska L., Bartos M., Docekal J., Trckova M., Pavlik I. (2004c): Tuberculous lesions in pig lymph nodes caused by kaolin fed as supplement. Veterinarni Medicina, 49, 379-388. h p://www.vri.cz/docs/ vetmed/49-10-379.pdf Go to original source...
    61. Matlova L., Dvorska L., Palecek K., Maurenc L., Bartos M., Pavlik I. (2004d): Impact of sawdust and wood shavings in bedding on pig tuberculous lesions in lymph nodes, and, IS1245 RFLP analysis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis of serotypes 6 and 8 isolated from pigs and environment. Veterinary Microbiology, 102, 227-236. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    62. Merri A.M., Merkal R.S., Skye D., Selway S. (1975): A case of avian tuberculosis of the intestinal tract of a horse. American Journal of Digestive Diseases, 20, 598. Go to original source...
    63. M'Fadyean J. (1918): Tuberculosis in the horse caused by bacilli of the avian type. Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics, 31, 225-256. Go to original source...
    64. Mijs W., De Haas P., Rossau R., Van der Laan T., Rigouts L., Portaels F., Van Soolingen D. (2002): Molecular evidence to support a proposal to reserve the designation Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium to bird-type isolates and M. avium subsp. hominissuis for the human/porcine type of M. avium. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 52, 1505-1518. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    65. Monreal L., Segura D., Segales J., Garrido J.M., Prades M. (2001): Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in a mare. Veterinary Record, 149, 712-714. Go to original source...
    66. Muser R., Nassal J. (1962): Tuberculosis, tuberculin reaction and mycobacteria in horse. Rindertuberkulose und Brucellose, 11, 118-126.
    67. Nieland H. (1938): Haut und Nasens eidewandtuberkulose beim Pferd. Deuts e Tierärztli e Wo ens ri, 46, 98-100.
    68. Nielsen S.W., Spratling F.R. (1968): Tuberculosis spondylitis in a horse. British Veterinary Journal, 124, 503- 508. 438 Go to original source...
    69. Oikawa M., Kanemaru T., Yoshihara T., Kaneko M., Kiryu K., Satoh H. (1976): Pathological observations on a necropsy case of equine tuberculosis (in Japanese). Experimental Reports of Equine Health Laboratory, 13, 19-26.
    70. O'Reilly L.M., Daborn C.J. (1995): The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections in animals and man: a review. Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 76 Suppl. 1, 1-46. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    71. Pavlas M. (1999): The 30th anniversary from eradication of bovine tuberculosis in ca le in Czechoslovakia. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 68, 155-162. Go to original source...
    72. Pavlik I., Bartl J., Parmova I., Havelkova M., Kubin M., Bazant J. (1998): Occurrence of bovine tuberculosis in animals and humans in the Czech Republic in the years 1969 to 1996. Veterinarni Medicina, 43, 221-231.
    73. Pavlik I., Svastova P., Bartl J., Dvorska L., Rychlik I. (2000a): Relationship between IS901 in the Mycobacterium avium complex strains isolated from birds, animals, humans and environment and virulence for poultry. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 7, 212-217. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    74. Pavlik I., Matlova L., Bartl J., Svastova P., Dvorska L., Whitlock R. (2000b): Parallel faecal and organ Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis culture of different productivity types of ca le. Veterinary Microbiology, 77, 309-324. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    75. Pavlik I., Ayele W.Y., Parmova I., Melicharek I., Hanzlikova M., Körmendy B., Nagy G., Cvetnic Z., Ocepek M., Fejzic N., Lipiec M. (2002a): Incidence of bovine tuberculosis in ca le in seven Central European countries during the years 1990-1999. Veterinarni Medicina, 47, 45-51. h p://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/47-3-45.pdf Go to original source...
    76. Pavlik I., Bures F., Janovsky P., Pecinka P., Bartos M., Dvorska L., Matlova L., Kremer K., Van Soolingen D. (2002b): The last outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in ca le in the Czech Republic in 1995 was caused by Mycobacterium bovis subspecies caprae. Veterinarni Medicina, 47, 251-263. h p://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/479-251.pdf Go to original source...
    77. Pavlik I., Dvorska L., Matlova L., Svastova P., Parmova I., Bazant J., Veleba J. (2002c): Mycobacterial infections in ca le in the Czech Republic during 1990-1999. Veterinarni Medicina, 47, 241-250. h p://www.vri.cz/ docs/vetmed/47-9-241.pdf Go to original source...
    78. Pavlik I., Dvorska L., Bartos M., Parmova I., Melicharek I., Jesenska A., Havelkova M., Slosarek M., Putova I., Martin G., Erler W., Kremer K., Van Soolingen D. (2002d): Molecular epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in the period 1965-2001 studied by spoligotyping. Veterinarni Medicina, 47, 181-194. h p://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/47-7-181.pdf Go to original source...
    79. Pavlik I., Machackova,M., Ayele W.Y., Lamka J., Parmova I., Melicharek I., Hanzlikova M., Kormendy B., Nagy G., Cvetnic Z., Ocepek M., Lipiec M. (2002e): Incidence of bovine tuberculosis in domestic animals other than ca le and in wild animals in six Central European countries during 1990-1999. Veterinarni Medicina, 47, 122- 131. h p://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/47-5-122.pdf Go to original source...
    80. Pavlik I., Ayele W.Y., Havelkova M., Svejnochova M., Katalinic-Jankovic V., Zolnir-Dovc M. (2003a): Mycobacterium bovis infection in human population in four Central European countries during 1990-1999. Veterinarni Medicina, 48, 90-98. h p://www.vri.cz/docs/ vetmed/48-4-90.pdf Go to original source...
    81. Pavlik I., Ayele W.Y., Parmova I., Melicharek I., Hanzlikova M., Körmendy B., Nagy G., Cvetnic Z., KatalinicJankovic V., Ocepek M., Zolnir-Dovc M., Lipiec M. (2003b): Mycobacterium tuberculosis in animal and human populations in six Central European countries during 1990-1999. Veterinarni Medicina, 48, 83-89. h p://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/48-4-83.pdf Go to original source...
    82. Pavlik I., Matlova L., Dvorska L., Bartl J., Oktabcova L., Docekal J., Parmova I. (2003c): Tuberculous lesions in pigs in the Czech Republic during 1990-1999: occurrence, causal factors and economic loses. Veterinarni Medicina, 48, 113-125. h p://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/48-5-113.pdf Go to original source...
    83. Pearson E.G., Heidel J.R. (1998): Colonic and rectal biopsy as a diagnostic aid in horses. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 20, 1354-1359.
    84. Peel J.E. (1983): Tuberculosis. In: Robinson N.E. (ed.): Current Therapy in Equine Medicine. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 29-31.
    85. Piening C., Anz W., Meissner G. (1972): Serotyp Bestimmungen und ihre Bedeutung für epidemiologis e Untersu ungen bei der S weinetuberkulose in S leswig-Holstein. Deuts e Tierärztli e Wo ens ri, 79, 85-93.
    86. Pinkiewicz E., Kadziolka A., Pinkiewicz H. (1963): Case of tuberculosis in horse (in Polish). Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 19, 692-696.
    87. Rooney R.J., Robertson J.L. (1996): Respiratory system. In: Rooney R.J., Robertson J.L. (eds.): Equine Pathology. Iowa State University Press, Ames. 42-43.
    88. Runyon E.H., Wayne L.G., Kubica G.P. (1986): Family II. Mycobacteriaceae Chester 1897, 63. In: Buchanan R.E., Gibbons N.E. (eds.): Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 8th ed. The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore. 681-701.
    89. S midt J. (1930): Die Tuberkulose des Pferdes; eine literaris e, klinis e und experimentelle Studie. Berliner Tierärztli e Wo ens ri, 46, 756-765.
    90. Schutzler G. (1954): To tuberculosis in horses (in Germany). Monatshe e für Veterinärmedizin, 9, 502-505.
    91. Sevilla H.C., Cabanas A.L., Miranda I.Y., de Aluja A.S. (1995): Micobacteriosis cutanea en mulas y burros. Veterinaria Mexico, 26, 283-285.
    92. Sills R.C., Mullaney T.P., Stickle R.L., Darien B.J., Brown C.M. (1990): Bilateral granulomatous gu ural pouch infection due to Mycobacterium avium complex in a horse. Veterinary Pathology, 27, 133-135. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    93. Svastova P., Pavlik I., Bartos M. (2002): Rapid differentiation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by amplification of insertion element IS901. Veterinarni Medicina, 47, 117- 121. h p://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/47-5-117.pdf Go to original source...
    94. Tasler G.R.W., Hartley W.J. (1981): Foal abortion associated with Mycobacterium terrae infection. Veterinary Pathology, 18, 122-125. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    95. Thoen C.O., Steele J.H. (1995): Mycobacterium bovis infection in animals and humans. Iowa State University Press, 355 pp.
    96. Thorel M.F., Krichevsky M., Levy-Frebault V.V. (1990): Numerical taxonomy of Mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria, emended description of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium subsp. nov., Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis subsp. nov., and Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum subsp. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 40, 254-260. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    97. Thorel M.F., Huchzermeyer H., Weiss R., Fontaine J.J. (1997): Mycobacterium avium infections in animals. Literature review. Veterinary Research, 28, 439-447.
    98. Tortoli E., Rindi L., Garcia M.J., Chiaradonna P., Dei R., Garzelli C., Kroppenstedt R.M., Lari N., Ma ei R., Mario ini A., Mazzarelli G., Murcia M.I., Nane i A., Piccoli P., Scarparo C. (2004): Proposal to elevate the genetic variant MAC-A, included in the Mycobacterium avium complex, to species rank as Mycobacterium chimaera sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 54, 1277-1285. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    99. Trckova M., Matlova L., Dvorska L., Pavlik I. (2004): Kaolin, bentonite, and zeolites as feed supplements for animals: health advantages and risks. Veterinarni Medicina, 49, 389-399. h p://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/49-10-389.pdf Go to original source...
    100. Van Dijk J.E., Van der Molen E.J., De Smidt A.C. (1975): A case of avian tuberculosis with exudative characteristics in a horse (in Dutch). Tijdschri voor Diergeneeskunde, 100, 604-615.
    101. Van Soolingen D., Bauer J., Leao S., Pavlik I., Vincent V., Rastogi N., Gori A., Bodmer T., Garzelli C., Garcia M.J. (1998): IS1245 Restriction fragment length polymorphism typing of Mycobacterium avium isolates: proposal for standardization. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36, 3051-3054. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    102. Verge J., Senthille F. (1942): Nouvelles acquisitions sur l΄étiologie de la tuberculose des equidés. Bulletin de L'academie Veterinaire de France, 15, 229-231. Go to original source...
    103. Votava M. (2000): Cultivation media in medical microbiology (in Czech). ISBN 80-238-5058-X, Hortus, Brno. 408 pp.
    104. Wallace R.J., Zhang Y.S., Brown-Ellio B.A., Yakrus M.A., Wilson R.W., Mann L., Couch L., Girard W.M., Griffith D.E. (2002): Repeat positive cultures in Mycobacterium intracellulare lung disease a er macrolide therapy represent new infections in patients with modular bronchiectasis. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 186, 266-273. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    105. Wayne L.G., Kubica G.P. (1986): Genus Mycobacterium Lehmann and Neumann 1896, 363AL. In: Sneath P.H.A., Mair N.S., Sharpe M.E., Holt J.G. (eds.): Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2. The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore. 1436-1457.

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content