Vet Med - Czech, 2014, 59(7):325-330 | DOI: 10.17221/7618-VETMED

Effects of ketamine/xylazine premedication on emulsified isoflurane general anaesthesia in swine undergoing embryo transplantationOriginal Paper

S. Jiang1, K. Hu2, H.G. Fan1, B.S. Yin3, X. Li1, J.L. Hou1, H.B. Wang1
1 Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
2 Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
3 Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Changchun, P.R. China

Cardiorespiratory effects were assessed during ketamine/xylazine premedication followed by emulsified isoflurane anaesthesia in swine undergoing experimental embryo transplantation. Ketamine (10 mg/kg) and xylazine (3.5 mg/kg) were premedicated intravenously, followed by continuous administration of intravenous emulsified isoflurane (2.8 ml/kg/h). Cardiorespiratory parameters, including heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, and rectal temperature, were recorded in sows undergoing surgical embryo transplantation. Ketamine/xylazine premedication resulted in anaesthetic induction and lateral recumbency within 1 minute without any adverse effects. The physiological changes observed after drug administration remained within biologically acceptable limits. In conclusion, the combination of ketamine/xylazine provided anaesthetic induction, muscle relaxation, and analgesia sufficient for emulsified isoflurane intravenous anaesthesia. There were no adverse events in the experimental animals. This finding supports the use of emulsified isoflurane following ketamine/xylazine premedication in pigs.

Keywords: premedication; emulsified isoflurane; physiological parameters; general anaesthesia; pig

Published: July 31, 2014  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Jiang S, Hu K, Fan HG, Yin BS, Li X, Hou JL, Wang HB. Effects of ketamine/xylazine premedication on emulsified isoflurane general anaesthesia in swine undergoing embryo transplantation. Vet Med - Czech. 2014;59(7):325-330. doi: 10.17221/7618-VETMED.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Ajadi AR, Olusa TA, Smith OF, Ajibola ES, Adeleye OE, Adenubi OT, Makinde FA (2009): Tramadol improved the efficacy of ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia in young pigs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 36, 562-566. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Boschert K, Flecknell PA, Fosse RT, Framstad T, Ganter M, Sjostrand U, Stevens J, Thurman J (1996): Ketamine and its use in the pig: Recommendations of the consensus meeting on ketamine anaesthesia in pigs, Bergen 1994. Ketamine Consensus Working Group. Laboratory Animals 30, 209-219. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Carli F, Clark MM, Woollen JW (1982): Investigation of the relationship between heat loss and nitrogen excretion in elderly patients undergoing major abdominal surgery under general anaesthetic. British Journal of Anaesthesia 54, 1023-1029. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Choi W, HS Jang, SH Yun, JS Park, YS Kwon and KH Jang (2011): Effect of tramadol on medetomidine and ketamine anesthesia in dogs. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 31, 99-104.
    5. Eger EI (1984): The pharmacology of isoflurane. British Journal of Anaesthesia 56, 71-99.
    6. Gumbleton M, Nicholls PJ, Taylor G (1990): Differential influence of laboratory anaesthetic regimens upon renal and hepatosplanchnic haemodynamics in the rat. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 42, 693-697. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Green CJ, Knight J, Precious S, Simpkin S (1981): Ketamine alone and combined with diazepam or xylazine in laboratory animals: a 10 year experience. Laboratory Animals 15, 163-170. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Haga HA, Tevik A, Moerch H (2001): Electroencephalographic and cardiovascular indicators of nociception during isoflurane anaesthesia in pigs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 28, 126-131. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Haga HA, Tevik A, Moerch H (2002): Motor responses to stimulation during isoflurane anaesthesia in pigs. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia 29, 69-75. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Hewson CJ, Dohoo IR, Lemke KA, Barkema HW (2007): Canadian veterinarians' use of analgesics in cattle, pigs, and horses in 2004 and 2005. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 48, 155-164.
    11. Ishida H, Kadota Y, Sameshima T, Nishiyama A, Oda T, Kanmura Y (2002): Comparison between sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia in pig hepatic ischemiareperfusion injury. Journal of Anesthesia 16, 44-50. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Kerry CL, McDonell WN, Young SS (1996): A comparison of romifidine and xylazine when used with diazepam/ketamine for short duration anesthesia in the horse. Canadian Veterinary Journal 37, 601-609.
    13. Linkenhoker, JR, Burkholder TH, Linton CG, Walden A, Abusakran-Monday KA, Rosero, AP, Foltz CJ (2010): Effective and safe anesthesia for Yorkshire and Yucatan swine with and without cardiovascular injury and intervention. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 49, 344-351. Go to PubMed...
    14. Lu DZ, Fan HG, Kun M, Song ZL, Ming YS, Sheng J, Wang HB (2011): Antagonistic effect of atipamezole, flumazenil and naloxone following anaesthesia with xylazine, tramadol and tiletamine/zolazepam combinations in pigs. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia 38, 301-309. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Lu DZ, Jiang S, Yu SM, Fan HG (2014): A comparison of anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of tiletaminezolazepam/xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam/xylazine/tramadol in dogs. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 34, 63-67.
    16. Martinez EA, Caamano JN, Gil MA, Rieke A, McCauley TC, Cantley TC, Vazquez JM, Roca J, Vazquez JL, Didion BA, Murphy CN, Prather RS, Day BN (2004): Successful nonsurgical deep uterine embryo transfer in pigs. Theriogenology 61, 137-146. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Mathias LADST, Piccinini Filho L, Rittes JC, Salles FS, Pinotti Pedro JRP, Cirillo W, Vieira JE (2004): Intravenous isoflurane in lipid emulsion promotes cardiovascular and respiratory stability. Experimental model. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 54, 656-662. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Musser JB, Fontana JL, Mongan PD (1999): The anesthetic and physiologic effects of an intravenous administration of a halothane lipid emulsion (5% vol/ vol). Anesthesia and Analgesia 88, 671-675. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Nossaman VE, Ramadhyani U, Kadowitz PJ, Nossaman BD (2010): Advances in perioperative pain management: use of medications with dual analgesic mechanisms, tramadol and tapentadol. Anesthesiology Clinics 28, 647-666. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Picker O, Scheeren TWL, Arndt JO (2001): Inhalation anesthetics increase heart rate by decreasing cardiac vagal activity in dogs. British Journal of Anaesthesia 87, 748-754. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Polge C, Day BN (1968): Pregnancy following nonsurgical egg transfer in pigs. Veterinary Record 82, 712.
    22. Ruffolo Jr RR, Nichols AJ, Stadel JM, Hieble JP (1993): Pharmacologic and therapeutic applications of alpha2adrenoceptor subtypes. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 33, 243-279. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Sakaguchi M, Nishimura R, Sasaki N, Ishiguro T, Tamura H, Takeuchi A (1996): Anesthesia induced in pigs by use of a combination of medetomidine, butorphanol, and ketamine and its reversal by administration of atipamezole. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57, 529-534. Go to original source...
    24. Sessler DI, McGuire J, Moayeri A, Hynson J (1991): Isoflurane-induced vasodilation minimally increases cutaneous heat loss. Anesthesiology 74, 226-232. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Vesal N, Sarchahi AA, Nikahval B, Karampour A (2011): Clinical evaluation of the sedative properties of acepromazine-xylazine combinations with or without atropine and their effects on physiologic values in dogs. Veterinarski Archiv 81, 485-498.
    26. Yang XL, Ma HX, Yang ZB, Liu AJ, Luo FN, Zhang WS, Wang L, Jiang XH, Li J, Liu J (2006): Comparison of minimum alveolar concentration between intravenous isoflurane lipid emulsion and inhaled isoflurane in dogs. Anesthesiology 104, 482-487. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Zhou JX, Luo NF, Liang XM, Liu J (2006): The efficacy and safety of intravenous emulsified isoflurane in rats. Anesthesia and Analgesia 102, 129-134. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content