Vet Med - Czech, 2006, 51(1):1-13 | DOI: 10.17221/5511-VETMED

Diagnostic possibilities in the management of canine prostatic disorders

K. Paclikova, P. Kohout, M. Vlasin
University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic

Various prostatic disorders are described in older intact dogs. Progression of disease commences quite often in dogs aged 5.5 years or older. Clinical symptoms are transient in the beginning, and are difficult to recognize. In fact, patient feels very little, if any, discomfort as troubles develop subsequently. As an exception to the rule there is acute inflammation, symptoms of which are severe, sometimes even life threatening. Diagnosis not meticulously established, when procedure is not met properly, (e.g. recognition of prostatitis without identification of infectious agent) this may result in development of chronic disease, which is often hard to manage. Rectal palpation should be part of routine examination in all older dogs, while correct diagnostic protocol should follow. By means of precise diagnostic protocol, we are able to identify the problem early, often in the curable stage of disease; therefore we are able to maintain fertility of the patient, as well. So far, described prostatic disorders are benign hyperplasia (BPH), squamous metaplasia, prostatic inflammation, both acute and chronic, prostatic cysts and abscesses and neoplasia.

Keywords: dog; prostate gland; urology

Published: January 31, 2006  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Paclikova K, Kohout P, Vlasin M. Diagnostic possibilities in the management of canine prostatic disorders. Vet Med - Czech. 2006;51(1):1-13. doi: 10.17221/5511-VETMED.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Anderson L., Hagmar B., Ljung B.M., Skoog L. (1994): Fine needle aspiration biopsy for diagnosis and follow-up of prostate cancer. Scandinavien Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 162, 115-127.
    2. Aquilina J.W., McKinney L., Pacelli A., Richman L.K., Waters D.J., Thompson I., Burghardt W.F., Bostwick D.G. (1998): High grade prostatic intraepitelial neoplasia in military working dogs with and without prostate cancer. The Prostate, 36, 189-193. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Baker R.H., Lumsden J.H. (1999): Reproductive tract. In: Baker R.H., Lumsden J.H. (eds.): Color Atlas of Cytology of the Dog and Cat. CV Mosby, St. Louis. 235-251.
    4. Barsanti J.A. (1995): Diseases of the prostate gland. In: Osborne C.A., Finco D.R. (eds.): Canine and Feline Nephrology and Urology. The Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore. 745-746.
    5. Barsanti J.A., Finco D.R. (1984): Evaluation of techniques for diagnosis of canine prostatic diseases. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, 185, 198-202.
    6. Barsanti J.A., Finco D.R. (1986): Canine prostatic diseases. In: Morrow D.A. (ed.): Curent Therapy in Theriogenology 2. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. 2015-2042..
    7. Barsanti J.A., Finco D.R. (1989): Canine prostatic diseases. In: Ettinger S.J., Feldman E.C. (eds.): Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. WB Sounders, Philadelphia. 1859-1880.
    8. Barsanti J.A., Caudle A.B., Crowel W.A., Shotts E.B., Brown J. (1986): Effect of induced prostatic infection on semen quality in the dog. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 47, 160-165.
    9. Bell F.W., Klausner J.S., Hayden D.W., Feeney D.A., Johnston S.D. (1991): Clinical and pathologic features of prostatic adenocarcinomas in sexually intact and castrated dogs: 31 cases (1970-1987). Journal of American Animal Hospital Association, 199, 1623-1630.
    10. Bell F.W., Klausner J.S., Hayden D.W., Lund E.M., Liebenstein B.B., Feeney D.A., Johnston S.D., Shivers J.L., Ewing C.M. Isaacs W.B. (1995): Evaluation of serum and seminal plasma markers in the diagnosis of canine prostatic disorder. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 9, 149-153. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Berry S.J., Coffey D.S., Ewing L.L. (1986): Effects of aging on prostate growth in Beagles. American Journal of Physiology, 205, 1039-1046. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Bostwick D.G. (1995): High grade prostatic intraepitelial neoplasia. Cancer, 75, 1823-1836. Go to original source...
    13. Bostwick D.G., Brawer M.K. (1987): Prostatic intraepitelial neoplasia and early invasion in prostate cancer. Cancer, 59, 788-794. Go to original source...
    14. Bostwick D.G., Ramnani D., Quian J. (2000): Prostatic Intraepitelial Neoplasia: Animal Models 2000. The Prostate, 43, 286-294. Go to original source...
    15. Branam J.E., Keen C.L., Ling G.V., Franti C.E. (1984): Selected physical and chemical characteristics of prostatic fluid collected by ejaculation from healthy dogs and from dogs with bacterial prostatitis. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 45, 825-829.
    16. Bui M., Reiter R.E. (1999): Stem cell genes in androgenindependent prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Review, 17, 319-399. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Cartee R.E., Rowles T. (1983): Transabdominal sonographic evaluation of the canine prostate. Veterinary Radiology, 24, 156-160. Go to original source...
    18. Cartee R.E., Rumph P.F., Kenter D.C., Cooney J.C., Frank D., Haught G.F., Leong P., Humphries M., Amaratunga P., Zampaglioni N. (1990): Evaluation of drug induced prostatic involution in dogs by transabdominal B-mode ultrasonography. Veterinary Research, 54, 1773-1778.
    19. Chapdelaine P., Dube J.Y., Tremblay R.R. (1984): Identification of arginine esterase as the major androgen dependent secreted by dog prostate and preliminary molecular characterization. Journal of Andrology, 5, 206-210. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Christie T.R. (1983): The prostate gland and testes. In: Bojrab M.J. (ed.): Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. 367-369.
    21. Cochran R.C., Ewing L.L., Niswender G.D. (1981): Serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-estradiol from male beagles with spomntaneous or induced benign prostatic hyperplasia. Investigation of Urology, 19, 142-147.
    22. Dorfman M., Barsanti J.A. (1995a): CVT Update: Treatment of canine bacterial prostatitis. In: Bonagura J.D., Kirk R.W. (eds.): Current Veterinary Therapy XII. WB Sounders, Philadelphia. 1029-1032.
    23. Dorfman M., Barsanti J.A. (1995b): Diseases of the canine prostate gland. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 17, 791-810.
    24. Durham S.K., Dietze A.E. (1985): Prostatic adenocarcinoma with and without metastasis to bone in dogs. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, 188, 1432-1440.
    25. Egawad L. (2003): Cytology of the Central Zone of the Prostate. Diagnostic Cytopathology, 28, 239-244. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Feeney D.A., Johnston G.R. (1986): Urogenital imaging: A practical update. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine Surgery, 1, 144-150.
    27. Feeney D.A., Johnston G.R., Klausner J.S. (1985): Twodimensional, gray-scale ultrasonography. Applications in canine prostatic disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice, 15, 1159-1176. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Feeney D.A., Johnston G., Klausner J.S., Perman J.S., Leininger V., Thomlinson J.R. (1987): Report of reproductive studies: canine prostatic disease-comparsion of radiographic appearance with morphologic and microbiologic findings: 30 cases (1981-1985). Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, 190, 1018-1026.
    29. Frenette G., Dube J.Y., Tremblay R.R. (1986): Origin of alkaline phosphatase of canine seminal plasma. Archives of Andrology, 16, 235-241. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Gelmina C., Luvoni G.C., Biondi P.A. (1999): Valutazioni fosfatasi alkaline e della Lcarnitina nel plasma seminale di cani normali a vasectomizzati. Atti della Societá Italiana della Scienze Veterinarie, 52, 85-86.
    31. Girard C., Despots J. (1995): Mineralized paraprostatic cysts in a dog. Canadian Verinary Journal, 36, 573- 574.
    32. Gobello C., Castex G., Corrada Y. (2002): Serum and seminal markers in the diagnosis of disorder of the genital tract of the dog: A mini review. Teriogenology, 57, 1285-1291. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Graham S.D. Jr., Bostwick D.G., Hoisaeter A., Abrahamsson P., Algaba F., diSant´Agnese A., Mostofi F., Napalkov A. (1992): Report of the committee on staging and pathology. Cancer, 70, 359-361. Go to original source...
    34. Hamper U.M., Dahnert W.F., Eggleston J.C., Walsh P.C., Sanders R.C. (1986): Ultrasonography prostatic carcinoma employing amplitude-enveloped (AM) and frequency demodulated (FM) imaging: In vivo, in vitro, and pathologic corelation. Journal of Ultrasound Medicine, 5, 557-562. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Hardie E.M. et al. (1984): Complications of prostatic surgery. Journal of American Animal Hospital Association, 20, 50-53.
    36. Head L.L., Francis D.A. (2002): Mineralized paraprostatic cyst as a potential contributing factor in the development of perineal hernias in the dog. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, 221, 533-535. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Heible J.P., Caine M. (1986): Etiology and benign prostatic hyperplasia and approaches to its pharmacological management. Federation Proceedings, 45, 2601-2610.
    38. Isaacs W.B. (1984): Structural and functional components in normal and hyperplastic canine prostates. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, 145, 307-315. Go to PubMed...
    39. Jacobs G., Barsanti J.A., Prasse K., Selcer B. (1988): Colliculus seminalis as a cause of urethral filling defect in two dogs with Sertoli cell testicular neoplasms. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, 192, 1748-1750.
    40. Johnston D.J. (1985): The prostate. In: Slatter D.H. (ed.): Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. 1635-1649.
    41. Johnston G.R., Klausner J.S., Bell F.W. (1989): Canine prostatic ultrasonography. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine Surgery, 4, 44-49.
    42. Johnston G.R., Feeney D.A., Rivers B., Walter P.A. (1991): Diagnostic imaging of the male canine reproductive organs. Methods and limitations. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice, 21, 553- 589. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    43. Johnston S.D., Kamoplatana K., Root-Kustritz M.V., Johnston G.R. (2000): Prostatic disorders in the dog. Animal Reproduction Science, 60-61, 405-415. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Juniewitz P.E., Barbolt T.A., Egy M.A., Frenette G., Dube J.Y., Tremblay R.R. (1990): Effect of androgen and antiandrogen treatment on canine prostatic arginine esterase. The Prostate, 17, 101-111. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    45. Kamoplatana K., Johnston G.R., Johnston S.D. (1999): Determination of canine prostatic volume using transabdominal ultrasonography. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, 36, 226-230.
    46. Kivisto A.K., Vasenius H., Sandholm M. (1977): Canine bacteriuria. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 18, 707-712. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Krawiec D.R. (1994): Canine prostate disease. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, 204, 1561-1564.
    48. Krawiec D.R., Heflin D. (1992): Study of prostatic disease in dogs: 177 cases (1981-1986). Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, 200, 1119-1122.
    49. Leav I., Schelling K.H., Adams J.Y. Merk F.B., Alroy J. (2001): Role of canine basal cells in postnatal prostatic development, induction of hyperplasia, and sex hormone-stimulated growth, and the ductal origin carcinoma. The Prostate, 47, 149-163. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    50. Leeds E.B., Leav I. (1969): Perineal punch biopsy of the canine prostate gland. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, 154, 925-934.
    51. Lewis-Jones D.I., Johnson P.M., Desmond A.D., McLaughlin P.J. (1992): Germ cell alkaline phosphatase in human seminal plasma following vasectomy. British Journal of Urology, 69, 418-420. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    52. Leib M.S. et al. (1986): Squamous cell carcinoma of prostate gland in a dog. Journal of American Animal Hospital Association, 22, 509-512.
    53. Ling G.V., Branam J.E., Ruby A.L., Johnson D.L. (1983): Canine prostatic fluid: Techniques of collection, quantitative bacterial culture, and interpretation of results. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, 183, 201-206.
    54. Ling G.V., Nyland T.G., Kennedy P.C., Hager D.A., Johnson D.L. (1990): Comparsion of two sample collection methods for quantitative bacteriologic culture of canine prostatic fluid. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, 196, 1479-1482.
    55. Ling G.V. et al. (1991): Chronic urinary tract infection in dogs: Induction by inoculation with bacteria via percutaneous nephropyelostomy. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 48, 794-801.
    56. Lipowitz A.J., Schwartz A., Wilson G.P., Ebert J.W. (1973): Testicular neoplasms and concominant clinical changes in the dog. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, 163, 1364-1368.
    57. Madwell B.R., Gandour-Edwards R., DeVere White R.W. (2004): Canine prostatic intraepitelial neoplasia: Is the comparative model relevant? The Prostate, 58, 314- 317. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    58. Mahapokai W., Xue Y., van Garderen E., van Sluijs F.J., Mol J.A., Schalken J.A. (2000): Cell kinetics and differentiation after hormonal-induced prostatic hyperplasia in the dog. The Prostate, 44, 40-48. Go to original source...
    59. Mainwaring C.J. (1990): Primary lymphoma of prostate in a dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 31, 617-622. Go to original source...
    60. McNeal J.E. (1988): Normal histology of the prostate. American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 12, 619-122. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    61. McNeal J.E., Bostwick D.G. (1986): Intraductal dysplasia: A premalignant lesion of the prostate. Human Pathology, 17, 64-71. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    62. Merk F.B., Warhol M.J., Kwan P.W., Leav I., Alroy J., Ofner P., Pinkus G.S. (1986): Multiple phenotypes of prostatic glandular cells in castrated dogs after individual or combined treatment with androgen and estrogen. Morphometric, ultrastructural and cytochemical distinction. Laboratory Investigation, 54, 442-456. Go to PubMed...
    63. Montironi R., Galluzi C.M., Diamanti L., Giannulis I., Pisani E., Scrapelli M. (1993): Prostatic intraepitelial neoplasia: Expression and localization of proliferating cell nuclear entigen in epitelial, endotelial and stromal nuclei. Virchows Archiv, 422, 185-192. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    64. Mullen H.C., Matthiesen D.T., Scavelli T.D. (1990): Results of surgery and postoperative complications in 92 dogs treated for prostatic abscessation by a multiple penrose drain technique. Journal of American Animal Hospital Association, 26, 369-370.
    65. Muller B. (1983): Genital tract proteins in the mail rabbit: alkaline phosphatase enzyme action and site of synthesis. Andrologia, 15, 676-681. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    66. Nickel R.F., Teske E. (1992): Diagnosis of canine prostatic carcinoma. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde, 117, 32-36.
    67. O´Shea J.D. (1962): Studies on the canine prostate gland. I. Factors influencing its size and weight. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 72, 321-331. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    68. Obradovich J., Walshaw R., Goullaud E. (1987): The influence of castration on the development of prostatic carcinoma in the dog. Journal of Veterinary internal Medicine, 1, 183-187. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    69. Olson P.N., Behrendt M.D., Amann R.P., Weiss D.E., Bowen R.A., Nett T.M., McGarry J.D. (1987a): Concentrations of carnitine in seminal fluid of normospermic vasectomized and castrated dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 48, 1211-1215.
    70. Olson P.N., Wrigley R.H., Thrall M.A. et al. (1987b): Disorders of the canine prostate gland: pathogenesis, diagnosis and medical therapy. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 9, 613-623.
    71. Peeling W.B., Griffith G.J. (1984): Imaging of prostate by ultrasound. Urology, 132, 217-224. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    72. Peter A.T., Steiner J.M., Adams L.G. (1995): Diagnosis and medical management of prostatedisease in the dog. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine Surgery, 10, 35-42.
    73. Powe J.R., Canfield P.J., Martin P.A. (2004): Evaluation of the cytologic diagnosis of canine prostatic disorders. Veerinary Clinical Pathology, 33, 150-154. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    74. Rogers K.S., Lees G.E., Simpson R.B. (1988): Effects of single-dose and three-day trimethoprim-sulfadiazine and amikacin treatment of induced Escherichia coli urinary tract infections in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 3, 345-349.
    75. Schulze H., Barack E.R. (1987): Immunocytochemical localization of estrogen receptors in spontaneous and experimentally induced canine benign prostatic hyperplasia. The Prostate, 11, 145-152. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    76. Sedelaar J.M.P., van Leenders G.J.L.H., Goossen T.E.B., Hulsbergen-van der Kaa C.A., van Adrichem N.P., Wijkstra H., de la Rosette J.J.M.C.H. (2002): Value of contrast ultrasonography in the detection of significant prostate cancer: Correlation with radical prostatectomy speciments. The Prostate, 53, 246-253. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    77. Smith S. (1985): Ultrasound-guided biopsy. Veterinary Clinics of North America, 15, 1249-1262. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    78. Spackman C.J.A., Roth L. (1988): Prostatic cyst and concurrent Sertoli cell tumor in a dog. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, 192, 1096-1098.
    79. Stone E.A., Barsanti J.A. (1992): Urologic Surgery of the Dog and Cat. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. 260 pp.
    80. Stone E.A., Thrall D.E., Barber D.L. (1978): Radiographic interpretation of prostate disease in the dog. Journal of American Animal Hospital Association, 14, 115-119.
    81. Teske E., Naan E.C., van Dijk E.M., van Garderen E., Schalken J.A. (2002): Canine prostate carcinoma: epidemiological evidence of an increased risk in castrated dog. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 197, 251-255. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    82. Thrall M.A., Olson P.N., Freemayer E.G. (1985): Cytologic diagnosis of canine prostatic disease. Journal of American Animal Hospital Association, 21, 95-102.
    83. Watanabe H., Igari D., Tanahashi Y., Harada K., Saitoh M. (1975): Transrectal ultrasonography of the prostate. Journal of Urology, 114, 734-739. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    84. Waters D.J., Patronek G.J., Bostwick D.G., Glickman L.T. (1996): Comparing the age at prostate cancer diagnosis in humans and dogs. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 20, 1686-1687. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    85. Waters D.J., Hayden D.W., Bell F.W., Klausner J.S., Quian J., Bostwick D.G. (1997): Prostatic intraepitelial neoplasia in dogs with spontaneous prostate cancer. The Prostate, 30, 92-97. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    86. Waters D.J., Sakr W.A., Hayden D.W., Lang C.M., McKinney L., Murphy G.P., Radinsky R., Ramoner R., Richardson R.C., Tindall D.J. (1998): Workgroup 4: spontaneous prostate carcinoma in dogs and nonhuman primates. The Prostate, 36, 64-67. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    87. Weaver A.D. (1981): Fifteen cases of prostatic carcinoma in the dog. Veterinary Record, 109, 71-75. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    88. White R.A.S., Williams J.M. (1995): Intracapsual prostatic omentalization: A new technique for management of prostatic abscesses in the dogs. Veterinary Surgery, 24, 390-395. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    89. White R.A.S., Herrtage M.E., Dennis R. (1987): The diagnosis and management of paraprostatic and prostatic retention cyst in the dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 28, 551-574. Go to original source...
    90. Wright K.N., DeNovo R.C., Patton C.S., et al. (1996): Effusive-constrictive pericardial disease secondary to osseous metaplasia of the pericardium in the dog. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, 209, 2091-2095.
    91. Zinkl J.G. (1999): Cytology of the male reproductive tract. In: Cowell R.L., Tyler R.D., Meinkoth J.M. (eds.): Diagnostic Cytology and Hematology of the Dog and Cat. CV Mosby, St. Louis. 230-239.
    92. Zirkin B.R., Strandberg J.D. (1984): Quantitative changes in the morphology of the aging prostate. Anatomy Records, 208, 207-213. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content