Vet Med - Czech, 2023, 68(8):299-312 | DOI: 10.17221/72/2023-VETMED

The use of functional amino acids in different categories of pigs – A reviewReview

N Hodkovicova ORCID...1, S Halas2, K Tosnerova1, K Stastny1, M Svoboda3
1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
2 Department of Animal Nutrition and Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
3 Ruminant and Swine Clinic, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic

The present review deals with a particularly important topic: the use of functional amino acids in different categories of pigs. It is especially relevant in the context of the current efforts to reduce the use of antibiotics in pig farming and the search for possible alternatives to replace them. The review is based on the definition that functional amino acids (FAAs) are classified as dispensable amino acids, but with additional biological functions, i.e., not only are they used for protein formation, but they are also involved in regulating essential metabolic pathways to improve health, survival, growth, and development. We describe the mechanism of action of individual FAAs and their potential use in pigs, including glutamate, glutamine, arginine, branched-chain amino acids (i.e., leucine, isoleucine, and valine), tryptophan and glycine. The work is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the FAAs and their role in the overall health of sows and their offspring. The second part describes the use of functional amino acids in piglets after weaning. Part three examines the use of functional amino acids in growing and fattening pigs and their impact on meat quality.

Keywords: epithelial barrier; oxidative stress; oxidative stress; pregnancy; sow; weaning

Received: June 29, 2023; Revised: August 10, 2023; Accepted: August 11, 2023; Prepublished online: August 27, 2023; Published: August 31, 2023  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Hodkovicova N, Halas S, Tosnerova K, Stastny K, Svoboda M. The use of functional amino acids in different categories of pigs – A review. Vet Med - Czech. 2023;68(8):299-312. doi: 10.17221/72/2023-VETMED.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Adams E, Frank L. Metabolism of proline and the hydroxyprolines. Annu Rev Biochem. 1980 49:1005-61. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Assoni AD, Amorim AB, Saleh MAD, Tse MLP, Berto DA. Dietary glutamine, glutamic acid and nucleotide supplementation accelerate carbon turnover on stomach of weaned piglets. Anim Nutr. 2017 Sep;3(3):225-31. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Beaumont M, Lencina C, Painteaux L, Vlemon-Desplanque J, Phornlaphat O, Lambert W, Chalvon-Demersay T. A mix of functional amino acids and grape polyphenols promotes the growth of piglets, modulates the gut microbiota in vivo and regulates epithelial homeostasis in intestinal organoids. Amino Acids. 2022 Oct;54(10):1357-69. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Blachier F, Wu G, Yin Y. Nutritional and physiological functions of amino acids in pigs. Wien: Springer; 2013. 307 p. Go to original source...
    5. Blavi L, Sola-Oriol D, Llonch P, Lopez-Vergr S, Martin-Orue SM, Perez JF. Management and feeding strategies in early life to increase piglet performance and welfare around weaning: A review. Animals. 2021 Jan 25;11(2):302. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Boutry C, El-Kadi SW, Suryawan A, Steinhoff-Wagner J, Stoll B, Orellana RA, Davis TA. Pulsatile delivery of a leucine supplement during long-term continuous enteral feeding enhances lean growth in term neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Apr 15;310(8):E699-E713. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Cemin H. Nutritional strategies for health-challenged pigs [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 May 4] Available from: www.alltech.com/blog/nutritional-strategies-health-challenged-pigs.
    8. Corl B, Odle J, Niu X, Moeser A, Gatlin L, Phillips O, Blikslager AT, Rhoads JM. Arginine activates intestinal and protein synthesis in piglet rotavirus enteritis. J Nutr. 2008 Jan;138(1):24-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Danbred. Let our DNA improve your business [Internet]. DanBred - Our Breeds. 2023 [cited 2023 Aug 9]. Available from: https://danbred.com/our-dna/.
    10. Duttlinger AW, Kpodo KR, Lay Jr DC, Richert BT, Johnson JS. Replacing dietary antibiotics with 0.20% L-glutamine in swine nursery diets, impact on health and productivity of pigs following weaning and transport. J Anim Sci. 2019 May;97(5):2035-52. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Duttlinger AW, Kpodo KR, Schinckel AP, Richert BT, Johnson JS. Effects of increasing dietary L-glutamine to replace antibiotics on pig health and performance following weaning and transport. Transl Anim Sci. 2020 Aug 26;4(3):txaa157. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Duttlinger AW, Centeno Martinez RE, McConn BR, Kpodo KR, Lay DC, Richert BT, Johnson TA, Johnson JS. Replacing dietary antibiotics with 0.20% L-glutamine in swine nursery diets: Impact on intestinal physiology and the microbiome following weaning and transport. J Anim Sci. 2021 Jun 1;99(6):skab091. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Ewaschuk JB, Murdoch GK, Johnson IR, Madsen KL, Field CJ. Glutamine supplementation improves intestinal barrier function in a weaned piglet model of Escherichia coli infection. Br J Nutr. 2011 Sep;106(6):870-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. Fang YZ, Yang S, Wu G. Free radicals, antioxidants, and nutrition. Nutrition. 2002 Oct;18(10):872-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Furst P, Pogan K, Stehle P. Glutamine dipeptides in clinical nutrition. Nutrition. 1997 Jul-Aug;13(7-8):731-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Gannes LZ, Del-Rio CM, Koch P. Natural abundance variations in stable isotopes and their potential uses in animal physiological ecology. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 1998 Mar;119(3):725-37. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Habibi M, Goodarzi P, Shili CN, Sutton J, Wileman CM, Kim DM, Lin D, Pezeshki A. A mixture of valine and isoleucine restores the growth of protein-restricted pigs likely through improved gut development, hepatic IGF-1 pathway, and plasma metabolomic profile. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Mar 18;23(6):3300. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Hanczakowska E, Niwinska B. Glutamine as a feed supplement for piglets: A review. Ann Anim Sci. 2013 Jan;13(1):5-15. Go to original source...
    19. He Y, Deen J, Shurson GC, Wang L, Chen C, Keisler DH, Li YZ. Identifying factors contributing to slow growth in pigs. J Anim Sci. 2016a May;94(5):2103-16. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. He J, Feng GD, Ao X, Li Y, Qian HX, Liu JB, He ZZ. Effects of L-glutamine on growth performance, antioxidant ability, immunity and expression of genes related to intestinal health in weanling pigs. Livest Sci. 2016b Jul;189:102-9. Go to original source...
    21. Hernandez A, Hansen CF, Mullan BP, Pluske JR. L-arginine supplementation of milk liquid or dry diets fed to pigs after weaning has a positive effect on production in the first three weeks after weaning at 21 days of age. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2009 Oct;154(1-2):102-11. Go to original source...
    22. Hsu CB, Huang HJ, Wang CH, Yen HT, Bi YU. The effect of glutamine supplement on small intestinal morphology and xylose absorptive ability of weaned piglets. Afr J Biotechnol. 2010 Oct;9(41):7003-8.
    23. Chalvon-Demersay T, Luise D, Le Floc'h N, Tesseraud S, Lambert W, Bosi P, Trevisi P, Beaumont M, Corrent E. Functional amino acids in pigs and chickens: Implication for gut health. Front Vet Sci. 2021 May 25;8:663727. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Ji P, Li X, Liu Y. Dietary intervention to reduce E. coli infectious diarrhea in young pigs. In: Rodrigo L, editor. E. coli infections - Importance of early diagnosis and efficient treatment [Internet]. IntechOpen. 2020 [cited 2023 Apr 14]. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/e-coli-infections-importance-of-early-diagnosis-and-efficient-treatment/dietary-intervention-to-reduce-e-coli-infectious-diarrhea-in-young-pigs. Go to original source...
    25. Jiang ZY, Sun LH, Lin YC, Ma XY, Zheng CT, Zhou GL, Chen F, Zou ST. Effects of dietary glycyl-glutamine on growth performance, small intestinal integrity, and immune responses of weaning piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide. J Anim Sci. 2009 Dec;87(12):4050-6. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Jobgen WS, Fried SK, Fu WJ, Meininger CJ, Wu G. Regulatory role for the arginine-nitric oxide pathway in metabolism of energy substrates. J Nutr Biochem. 2006 Sep;17(9):571-88. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Johnson JS, Lay DC. Evaluating the behavior, growth performance, immune parameters, and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets after simulated transport and heat stress when antibiotics are eliminated from the diet or replaced with l-glutamine. J Anim Sci. 2017 Jan;95(1):91-102. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Kampman-van de Hoek E, Jansman AJ, van den Borne JJ, van der Peet-Schwering CM, van Beers-Schreurs H, Gerrits WJ. Dietary amino acid deficiency reduces the utilization of amino acids for growth in growing pigs after a period of poor health. J Nutr. 2016 Jan;146(1):51-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Kim SW, Mateo RD, Yin YL, Wu G. Functional amino acids and fatty acids for enhancing production performance of sows and piglets. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci. 2007 Feb;20(2):295-306. Go to original source...
    30. Le Floc'h N, Lebellego L, Matte JJ, Melchior D, Seve B. The effect of sanitary status degradation and dietary tryptophan content on growth rate and tryptophan metabolism in weaning pigs. J Anim Sci. 2009 May;87(5):1686-94. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Le Floc'h N, Wessels A, Corrent E, Wu G, Bosi P. The relevance of functional amino acids to support the health of growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2018 Nov;245:104-16. Go to original source...
    32. Lefaucheur L, Dividich JL, Mourot J, Monin G, Ecolan P, Krauss D. Influence of environmental temperature on growth, muscle and adipose tissue metabolism, and meat quality in swine. J Anim Sci. 1991 Jul;69(7):2844-54. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Li Y, Han H, Yin J, Zheng J, Zhu X, Li T, Yin Y. Effects of glutamate and aspartate on growth performance, serum amino acids, and amino acid transporters in piglets. Food Agric Immunol. 2018 Apr;29(1):675-87. Go to original source...
    34. Liang H, Dai Z, Kou J, Sun K, Chen J, Yang Y, Wu G, Wu Z. Dietary L-tryptophan supplementation enhances the intestinal mucosal barrier function in weaned piglets: Implication of tryptophan-metabolizing microbiota. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Dec 21;20(1):20. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Liu B, Jiang X, Cai L, Zhao X, Dai Z, Wu G, Li X. Putrescine mitigates intestinal atrophy through suppressing inflammatory response in weanling piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2019 Sep 10;10:69. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Lux GD, Marton LJ, Baylin SB. Ornithine decaboxylase is important in intestinal mucosa maturation and recovery from injury in rats. Science. 1980 Oct 10;210(4466):195-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Ma X, Lin Y, Jiang Z, Zheng C, Zhou G, Yu D, Cao T, Wang J, Chen F. Dietary arginine supplementation enhances antioxidative capacity and improves meat quality of finishing pigs. Amino acids. 2010 Jan;38(1):95-102. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    38. Martinez-Aispuro JA, Figueroa-Velasco JL, Sanchez-Torres MT, Cordero-Mora JL, Martinez-Aispuro M. Practical application of the ideal protein concept in pigs. Agro Productividad. 2022 Mar;15(3):37-43. Go to original source...
    39. Martinez-Montemayor MM, Hill GM, Raney NE, Rilington VD, Tempelman RJ, Link JE, Wilkinson CP, Ramos AM, Ernst C. Gene expression profiling in hepatic tissue of newly weaned pigs fed pharmacological zinc and phytase supplemented diets. BMC Genom. 2008 Sep 17;9:421. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Matthews HR. Polyamines, chromatin structure and transcription. Bioessays. 1993 Aug;15(8):561-6. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Moeller JS, Johnson RK, Mabry JW, Baas TJ, Robison OW. The national pork producers council maternal line national genetic evaluation program: A comparison of six maternal genetic lines for female productivity measures over four parities. J Anim Sci. 2004 Jan;82(1):41-53. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Nowotarski SL, Woster PM, Casero RA Jr. Polyamines and cancer: Implications for chemotherapy and chemoprevention. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2013 Feb 22;15:e3. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    43. Modina SC, Polito U, Rossi R, Corino C, Di Giancamillo A. Nutritional regulation of gut barrier integrity in weaning piglets. Animals. 2019 Nov 29;9(12):1045. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Mou Q, Yang HS, Yin YL, Huang PF. Amino acids influencing intestinal development and health of the piglets. Animals. 2019 May 31;9(6):302. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    45. Munn AL, Weaver AC, van Wettere WHEJ. Supplementary tryptophan fed to sows prior to and after farrowing to improve piglet growth and survival. Animals. 2021 Aug 30;11(9):2540. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    46. Musser RE, Goodband RD, Tokach MD, Owen KQ, Nelssen JL, Blum SA, Dritz SS, Civis CA. Effects of L-carnitine fed during gestation and lactation on sow and litter performance. J Anim Sci. 1999 Dec;77(12):3289-95. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Nuntapaitoon M, Muns R, Theil PK, Tummaruk P. L-arginine supplementation in sow diet during late gestation decrease stillborn piglet, increase piglet birth weight and increase immunoglobulin G concentration in colostrum. Theriogenology. 2018 Nov;121:27-34. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    48. Oliviero C. Offspring of hyper prolific sows: Immunity, birthweight, and heterogeneous litters. Mol Reprod Dev. 2022 Apr;1-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    49. Pejsak Z, Kazmierczak P, Butkiewicz AF, Wojciechowski J, Wozniakowski G. Alternatives to zinc oxide in pig production. Pol J Vet Sci. 2023 Jun;26(2):319-30. Go to original source...
    50. Petrovic V, Buzadzic B, Korac A, Vasilijevic A, Jankovic A, Micunovic K, Korac B. Antioxidative defence alterations in skeletal muscle during prolonged acclimation to cold: Role of L-arginine/NO-producing pathway. J Exp Biol. 2008 Jan;211(Pt 1):114-20. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    51. Pluske JR, Turpin DL, Kim JC. Gastrointestinal tract (gut) health in the young pig. Anim Nutr. 2018 Jun;4(2):187-96. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    52. Prates JA, Freire M, de Almeida JPB, Martins AM, Ribeiro C, Osorio DM, Pinho, H, Lopes MAS, Correia PA, Pinto JMJ, Costa RMA, Corrent T, Chalvon-Demersay ET. Influence of dietary supplementation with an amino acid mixture on inflammatory markers, immune status and serum proteome in LPS-Challenged weaned piglets. Animals. 2021 Apr 16;11(4):1143. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    53. Puls CL, Allee GL, Hammer JM, Carr SN. Effects of different antibiotic feeding programs on morbidity and mortality and growth performance of nursery pigs housed in a wean-to-finish facility. Transl Anim Sci. 2019 Jul 31;3(1):123-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    54. Qi W, Ying J, Zou P, Zhou Y, Wang B, Yu D, Li W, Zhan X. Effects of dietary supplementation of humic acid sodium and zinc oxide on growth performance, immune status and antioxidant capacity of weaned piglets. Animals. 2020 Nov 13;10(11):2104. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    55. Ramanau A, Kluge H, Eder K. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on milk production, litter gains and back-fat thickness in sows with a low energy and protein intake during lactation. Br J Nutr. 2005 May;93(5):717-21. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. Ribeiro DV, Fonseca LS, Moreira RHR, Chain CP, Abreu MLT, Dalolio FS, Oliveira AF, Garbossa CAP. The economic viability of L-arginine supplementation in diets for sows in the lactation phase. Rev Bras Saúde Prod Anim. 2020 Jan 14;21:S1519. Go to original source...
    57. Rodrigues LA, Wellington MO, Gonzalez-Vega JC, Htoo JK, Van Kessel AG, Columbus DA. Functional amino acid supplementation, regardless of dietary protein content, improves growth performance and immune status of weaned pigs challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. J Anim Sci. 2021 Feb 1;99(2):skaa365. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    58. Rooney H, O'Driscoll K, Silacci P, Bee G, O'Doherty J, Lawlor P. Effect of dietary L-carnitine supplementation to sows during gestation and/or lactation on sow productivity, muscle maturation and lifetime growth in progeny from large litters. Br J Nutr. 2020 Mar 4;124(1):43-56. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    59. Sauer N, Eklund M, Bauer E, Ganzle MG, Field CJ, Zijlstra RT, Mosenthin R. The effects of pure nucleotides on performance, humoral immunity, gut structure and numbers of intestinal bacteria of newly weaned pigs. J Anim Sci. 2012 Sep;90(9):3126-34. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    60. Shan Y, Shan A, Li J, Zhou C. Dietary supplementation of arginine and glutamine enhances the growth and intestinal mucosa development of weaned piglets. Livest Sci. 2012 Dec;150(1-3):369-73. Go to original source...
    61. Suenaga R, Yamane H, Tomonaga S, Asechi M, Adachi N, Tsuneyoshi Y, Kurauchi I, Sato, H, Denbow DM, Furuse M. Central L-arginine reduced stress responses are mediated by L-ornithine in neonatal chicks. Amino Acids. 2008 Jun;35(1):107-13. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    62. Tan B, Yin Y, Liu Z, Li X, Xu H, Kong X, Huang R, Tang W, Shinzato I, Smith SB, Wu G. Dietary L-arginine supplementation increases muscle gain and reduces body fat mass in growing-finishing pigs. Amino Acids. 2009 May;37(1):169-75. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    63. Tan X, Zhang J, Yang H, Li J, Li Y, Ding X, Huang P, Wang Q, Yin J, Yin Y. Glutamate effects on sukling piglet intestinal morphology and luminal metabolites. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2019 Mar;103(2):612-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    64. Tang M, Laarveld B, Van Kessel AG, Hamilton DL, Estrada A, Patience JF. Effect of segregated early weaning on postweaning mall intestinal development in pigs. J Anim Sci. 1999 Dec;77(12):3191-200. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    65. Trevisi P, Melchior D, Mazzoni M, Casini L, De Filippi S, Minieri L, Lalatta-Costerbosa G, Bosi P. A tryptophan-enriched diet improves feed intake and growth performance of susceptible weanling pigs orally challenged with Escherichia coli K88. J Anim Sci. 2009 Jan;87(1):148-56. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    66. Vondruskova H, Slamova R, Trckova M, Zraly Z, Pavlik I. Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in prevention of diarrhoea in weaned piglets: a review. Vet Med-Czech. 2010 Nov;55(5):199-224. Go to original source...
    67. Wang CX, Chen F, Zhang WF, Zhang SH, Shi K, Song HQ, Wang YJ, Kim SW, Guan WT. Leucine promotes the growth of fetal pigs by increasing protein synthesis through the mTOR signaling pathway in longissimus dorsi muscle at late gestation. J Agric Food Chem. 2018 Apr 18;66(15):3840-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    68. Watford M. Glutamine and glutamate: Nonessential or essential amino acids? Anim Nutr. 2015 Sep;1(3):119-22. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    69. Wessels AG, Chalvon-Demersey T, Zentek J. Use of low dosage amino acids blends to prevent stress-related piglet diarrhea. Transl Anim Sci. 2021 Oct 26;5(4):txab209. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    70. Wu, G, Knabe DA. Arginine synthesis in enterocytes of neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol. 1995 Sep;269(3 Pt 2):R621-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    71. Wu G, Meier SA, Knabe DA. Dietary glutamine supplementation prevents jejunal atrophy in weaned pigs. J Nutr. 1996 Oct;126(10):2578-84. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    72. Wu G. Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism. J Nutr. 1998 Aug;128(8):1249-52. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    73. Wu G, Morris SM. Arginine metabolism: Nitric oxide and beyond. Biochem J. 1998 Nov 15;336(Pt 1):1-17. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    74. Wu G, Meininger CJ. Arginine nutrition and cardiovascular function. J Nutr. 2000 Nov;130(11):2626-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    75. Wu G, Fang YZ, Yang S, Lupton JR, Turner ND. Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. J Nutr. 2004a Mar;134(3):489-92. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    76. Wu G, Knabe DA, Kim SW. Arginine nutrition in neonatal pigs. J Nutr. 2004b Oct;134(10 Suppl):2783S-90S. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    77. Wu G, Bazer FW, Cudd TA, Jobgen WS, Kim SW, Lassala A, Li P, Matis JH, Meininger CJ, Spencer TE. Pharmacokinetics and safety of arginine supplementation in animals. J Nutr. 2007 Jun;137(6 Suppl 2):1673S-80S. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    78. Wu G. Amino acids: Metabolism, functions, and nutrition. Amino Acids. 2009 May;37(1):1-17. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    79. Wu X, Ruan Z, Gao YL, Yin YL, Zhou XH, Wang L, Geng MM, Hou YQ, Wu GY. Dietary supplementation with L-arginine or N-carbamylglutamate enhances intestinal growth and heat shock protein-70 expression in weanling pigs fed a corn- and soybean meal-based diet. Amino Acids. 2010 Aug;39(3):831-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    80. Wu C, Liu JF, Kong XF. Effects of dietary arginine and alanine on meat quality, amino acid composition and antioxidant function of Huanjiang Xiang pig. Chin J Anim Nutr. 2012;(3):528-35.
    81. Wu G. Functional amino acids in nutrition and health. Amino Acids. 2013 Sep;45(3):407-11. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    82. Wu L, Liao P, He L, Feng Z, Ren W, Yin J, Duan J, Li T, Yin Y. Dietary L-arginine supplementation protects weanling pigs from deoxynivalenol-induced ioxicity. Toxins. 2015 Apr 15;7(4):1341-54. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    83. Wu M, Xiao H, Liu G, Chen S, Tan B, Ren WK, Bazer FW, Wu GY, Yin YL. Glutamine promotes intestinal SIgA secretion through intestinal microbiota and IL-13. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2016 Jul;60(7):1637-48. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    84. Xiong X, Tan B, Song M, Ji P, Kim K, Yin Y, Liu Y. Nutritional intervention for the intestinal development and health of weaned pigs. Front Vet Sci. 2019 Feb 21;6:46. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    85. Yao K, Yin YL, Chu WY, Li ZQ, Deng D, Li TJ, Huang RL, Zhang JS, Tan B, Wang W. Dietary arginine supplementation increases mTOR signaling activity in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. J Nutr. 2008 May;138(5):867-72. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    86. Yao K, Guan S, Li T, Huang R, Wu G, Ruan Z, Yin Y. Dietary L-arginine supplementation enhances intestinal development and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in weanling piglets. Br J Nutr. 2011 Jan;105(5):703-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    87. Zhan Z, Ou D, Piao X, Kim SW, Liu Y, Wang J. Dietary arginine supplementation affects microvascular development in the small intestine of early-weaned pigs. J Nutr. 2008 Jul;138(7):1304-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    88. Zou TD, Deng CX, Wang ZR, Ye YL, You JM. Dietary alanyl-glutamine improves growth performance of weaned piglets through maintaining intestinal morphology and digestion-absorption function. Animal. 2019 Sep;13(9):1826-33. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content